Paola Davide Di, Capparucci Fabiano, Natale Sabrina, Crupi Rosalia, Cuzzocrea Salvatore, Spanò Nunziacarla, Gugliandolo Enrico, Peritore Alessio Filippo
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Toxics. 2022 Apr 20;10(5):203. doi: 10.3390/toxics10050203.
Imidacloprid (IMI) is part of the neonicotinoids family, insecticides widely used by humans and also found in wastewater. This class of compounds, if present in the environment, can cause toxicity to different species such as bees and gammarids, although little is known about vertebrates such as fish. In addition, several substances have been reported in the environment that can cause damage to aquatic species, such as potassium perchlorate (KClO), if exposed to high concentrations or for long periods. Often, the co-presence of different contaminants can cause a synergistic action in terms of toxicity to fish. In the present study, we first analyzed different concentrations of IMI (75, 100 and 150 mg/L) and KClO (1, 1.5 and 5 mM) to highlight the morphological effects at 96 hpf and, subsequently, chose two nontoxic concentrations to evaluate their co-exposure and the pathway involved in their co-toxicity. Morphological alteration, mucus production, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression related to intestinal function and oxidative stress were measured. These results suggest that co-exposure to IMI and KClO could affect zebrafish embryo development by increasing gut toxicity and the alteration of antioxidative defense mechanisms.
吡虫啉（IMI）是新烟碱类杀虫剂家族的一员，这类杀虫剂被人类广泛使用，且在废水中也有发现。这类化合物如果存在于环境中，会对蜜蜂和钩虾等不同物种产生毒性，不过对于鱼类等脊椎动物的影响知之甚少。此外，环境中还存在一些物质，如高氯酸钾（KClO），如果鱼类长时间暴露于高浓度的这些物质中，可能会对其造成损害。通常，不同污染物的共存会对鱼类产生协同毒性作用。在本研究中，我们首先分析了不同浓度的吡虫啉（75、100和150毫克/升）和高氯酸钾（1、1.5和5毫摩尔）对96小时胚胎期（hpf）斑马鱼形态的影响，随后选择了两个无毒浓度来评估它们的共同暴露情况以及共同毒性作用的途径。我们测量了形态改变、黏液分泌、与肠道功能和氧化应激相关的信使核糖核酸（mRNA）表达。这些结果表明，吡虫啉和高氯酸钾共同暴露可能会通过增加肠道毒性和改变抗氧化防御机制来影响斑马鱼胚胎发育。
