Gender Differences in Takotsubo Syndrome.

Most patients with Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS) are postmenopausal females. TTS in males is rare and gender differences have not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, we investigated gender differences in TTS. TTS in males and females is often triggered by physical and emotional stress, respectively. Heart failure, a severe in-hospital complication, requires greater mechanical respiratory support in males. Fatal arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation and in-hospital mortality rates are higher in males. The white blood cell (WBC) count has been shown to be higher in males than in females with cardiovascular death compared with non-cardiovascular death. Therefore, the WBC count, a simple marker, may reflect severe TTS. Decreased estrogen levels, common in postmenopausal females, are a pathogenic mechanism of TTS. Females have a more significant increase in the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction than males. Moreover, the pathological findings after hematoxylin-eosin staining were different in males and females. Males had more severe complications than females in the acute phase of TTS; thus, more careful observations and interventions are likely required. From these results, it can be considered that the mechanism of the onset of TTS may be different between males and females. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the gender differences in order to more effectively manage TTS.