Mutation of Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Gene Causes Spotted and Rolled Leaf and Its Overexpression Generates Herbicide Resistance in Rice.

Protoporphyrinogen IX (Protogen IX) oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of Protogen IX to Proto IX. PPO is also the target site for diphenyl ether-type herbicides. In plants, there are two encoding genes, and . To date, no gene or mutant has been characterized in monocotyledonous plants. In this study, we isolated a () mutant in rice (). The spotted leaf phenotype was sensitive to high light intensity and low temperature, but the rolled leaf phenotype was insensitive. We confirmed that the phenotypes were caused by a single nucleotide substitution in the () gene. This gene is constitutively expressed, and its encoded product is localized to the chloroplast. The mutant accumulated excess Proto(gen) IX and reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in necrotic lesions. The expressions of 26 genes associated with tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, photosynthesis, ROS accumulation, and rolled leaf were significantly altered in , demonstrating that these expression changes were coincident with the mutant phenotypes. Importantly, -overexpression transgenic plants were resistant to the herbicides oxyfluorfen and acifluorfen under field conditions, while having no distinct influence on plant growth and grain yield. These finding indicate that the gene has the potential to engineer herbicide resistance in rice.