Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 23;23(10):5847. doi: 10.3390/ijms23105847.
Transposable elements (TEs) have been extensively studied for decades. In recent years, the introduction of whole-genome and whole-transcriptome approaches, as well as single-cell resolution techniques, provided a breakthrough that uncovered TE involvement in host gene expression regulation underlying multiple normal and pathological processes. Of particular interest is increased TE activity in neuronal tissue, and specifically in the hippocampus, that was repeatedly demonstrated in multiple experiments. On the other hand, numerous neuropathologies are associated with TE dysregulation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of literature about the role of TEs in neurons published over the last three decades. The first chapter of the present review describes known mechanisms of TE interaction with host genomes in general, with the focus on mammalian and human TEs; the second chapter provides examples of TE exaptation in normal neuronal tissue, including TE involvement in neuronal differentiation and plasticity; and the last chapter lists TE-related neuropathologies. We sought to provide specific molecular mechanisms of TE involvement in neuron-specific processes whenever possible; however, in many cases, only phenomenological reports were available. This underscores the importance of further studies in this area.
转座元件 (TEs) 已经被广泛研究了几十年。近年来，全基因组和全转录组方法的引入，以及单细胞分辨率技术的发展，提供了一个突破，揭示了 TEs 在多个正常和病理过程中的宿主基因表达调控中的作用。特别引人关注的是神经元组织中 TE 活性的增加，特别是在海马体中，这在多项实验中都得到了反复证明。另一方面，许多神经病理学与 TE 失调有关。在这里，我们提供了一个关于过去三十年中 TEs 在神经元中的作用的文献综述。本综述的第一章描述了已知的 TEs 与宿主基因组相互作用的机制，重点是哺乳动物和人类 TEs；第二章提供了 TE 在正常神经元组织中的适应性进化的例子，包括 TE 参与神经元分化和可塑性；最后一章列出了与 TE 相关的神经病理学。我们试图尽可能提供 TEs 参与神经元特异性过程的具体分子机制；然而，在许多情况下，只有现象学报告可用。这凸显了进一步研究这一领域的重要性。
