Sanchez Carlos R, Hidalgo-Hermoso Ezequiel
Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221, USA.
Conservation and Research Department, Parque Zoologico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 01730, Chile.
Pathogens. 2022 Apr 19;11(5):484. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050484.
Since the Symposium on Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals held at the National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution in 1976, our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) in non-domestic animals has greatly expanded. Throughout the past decades, this knowledge has resulted in improved zoo-habitats and facilities design, stricter biosecurity measures, and advanced diagnostic methods, including molecular techniques, that have significantly decreased the number of clinical disease caused by in apes under human care settings. In the other hand, exponential growth of human populations has led to human encroachment in wildlife habitat which has resulted in increased inter-species contact and recurrent conflict between humans and wild animals. Although it is widely accepted that non-human primates are susceptible to infection, opinions differ with regard to the susceptibility to develop disease amongst different taxa. Specifically, some authors suggest that African apes are less susceptible to clinical tuberculosis than other species of primates. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the current scientific literature to determine the actual health impact of disease caused by and more specifically sensu stricto in African apes. The literature review included literature databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley, Springer and Science direct, without temporal limit and proceedings of annual conferences in the field of wildlife health. Our general inclusion criteria included information about serological, molecular, pathological (macroscopic and/or microscopic), and clinical evidence of TB in African apes; while our, our more stringent inclusion selection criteria required that in addition to a gross pathology, a molecular test confirmed sensu stricto as the cause of disease or death. We identified eleven reports of tuberculosis in African apes; of those, only four reports met the more stringent selection criteria that confirmed sensu stricto in six individuals. All reports that confirmed sensu stricto originated from zoological collections. Our review suggests that there is little evidence of disease or mortality caused by in the different species of African apes both under human care and free ranging populations. Additional studies are needed in free-ranging, semi-captive populations (sanctuaries) and animals under human care (zoos and rescue centers) to definitely conclude that this mycobacteria has a limited health effect in African ape species.
自1976年在史密森学会国家动物园举行的动物园动物分枝杆菌感染研讨会以来，我们对非家养动物结核病（TB）的认识有了极大的扩展。在过去几十年里，这些知识促使动物园栖息地和设施设计得到改进，生物安全措施更加严格，诊断方法更加先进，包括分子技术，这些都显著减少了人工饲养环境下猿类由结核分枝杆菌引起的临床疾病数量。另一方面，人口的指数增长导致人类侵占野生动物栖息地，这增加了物种间的接触以及人类与野生动物之间反复出现的冲突。尽管人们普遍认为非人灵长类动物易感染结核分枝杆菌，但对于不同分类群中患病易感性的看法存在差异。具体而言，一些作者认为非洲猿类比其他灵长类物种对临床结核病的易感性更低。这篇综述文章的目的是评估当前的科学文献，以确定结核分枝杆菌，更具体地说是狭义结核分枝杆菌在非洲猿类中引起的疾病对健康的实际影响。文献综述包括文献数据库：科学网、PubMed、Scopus、威利、施普林格和科学Direct，无时间限制，以及野生动物健康领域年度会议的论文集。我们的一般纳入标准包括有关非洲猿类结核病的血清学、分子、病理学（宏观和/或微观）及临床证据的信息；而我们更严格的纳入选择标准要求除大体病理学外，分子检测确认狭义结核分枝杆菌为疾病或死亡原因。我们确定了11篇关于非洲猿类结核病的报告；其中只有4篇报告符合更严格的选择标准，确认6只个体感染狭义结核分枝杆菌。所有确认狭义结核分枝杆菌的报告均来自动物园收藏。我们的综述表明，几乎没有证据表明在人工饲养和自由放养的非洲猿类不同物种中，结核分枝杆菌会导致疾病或死亡。需要对自由放养、半圈养种群（保护区）以及人工饲养的动物（动物园和救援中心）进行更多研究，才能明确得出这种分枝杆菌对非洲猿类物种的健康影响有限的结论。
