Zingale Elide, Romeo Alessia, Rizzo Salvatore, Cimino Cinzia, Bonaccorso Angela, Carbone Claudia, Musumeci Teresa, Pignatello Rosario
Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
NANO-i-Research Center for Ocular Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
Pharmaceutics. 2022 Apr 28;14(5):955. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050955.
The greatest challenge associated with topical drug delivery for the treatment of diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye is to overcome the poor bioavailability of the carried molecules. Nanomedicine offers the possibility to overcome obstacles related to physiological mechanisms and ocular barriers by exploiting different ocular routes. Functionalization of nanosystems by fluorescent probes could be a useful strategy to understand the pathway taken by nanocarriers into the ocular globe and to improve the desired targeting accuracy. The application of fluorescence to decorate nanocarrier surfaces or the encapsulation of fluorophore molecules makes the nanosystems a light probe useful in the landscape of diagnostics and theranostics. In this review, a state of the art on ocular routes of administration is reported, with a focus on pathways undertaken after topical application. Numerous studies are reported in the first section, confirming that the use of fluorescent within nanoparticles is already spread for tracking and biodistribution studies. The first section presents fluorescent molecules used for tracking nanosystems' cellular internalization and permeation of ocular tissues; discussions on the classification of nanosystems according to their nature (lipid-based, polymer-based, metallic-based and protein-based) follows. The following sections are dedicated to diagnostic and theranostic uses, respectively, which represent an innovation in the ocular field obtained by combining dual goals in a single administration system. For its great potential, this application of fluorescent nanoparticles would experience a great development in the near future. Finally, a brief overview is dedicated to the use of fluorescent markers in clinical trials and the market in the ocular field.
与用于治疗影响眼后段疾病的局部给药相关的最大挑战是克服所携带分子的低生物利用度。纳米医学提供了通过利用不同的眼部给药途径来克服与生理机制和眼部屏障相关障碍的可能性。通过荧光探针使纳米系统功能化可能是一种有用的策略，可用于了解纳米载体进入眼球的途径并提高所需的靶向准确性。将荧光应用于修饰纳米载体表面或封装荧光团分子，使纳米系统成为诊断和治疗诊断领域中有用的光探针。在这篇综述中，报告了眼部给药途径的最新进展，重点是局部应用后所采取的途径。第一部分报道了大量研究，证实了纳米颗粒中荧光的使用已广泛用于追踪和生物分布研究。第一部分介绍了用于追踪纳米系统细胞内化和眼部组织渗透的荧光分子；随后讨论了根据纳米系统的性质（基于脂质、基于聚合物、基于金属和基于蛋白质）进行的分类。以下部分分别致力于诊断和治疗诊断用途，这代表了通过在单一给药系统中结合双重目标而在眼部领域取得的一项创新。由于其巨大的潜力，荧光纳米颗粒的这种应用在不久的将来将有很大的发展。最后，简要概述了荧光标记物在眼部领域的临床试验和市场中的应用。
