Šamec Dunja, Karalija Erna, Dahija Sabina, Hassan Sherif T S
Department of Food Technology, University North, Trga Dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia.
Department for Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Plants (Basel). 2022 May 23;11(10):1381. doi: 10.3390/plants11101381.
Ginkgo ( L.) is one of the most distinctive plants, characterized by excellent resistance to various environmental conditions. It is used as an ornamental plant and is recognized as a medicinal plant in both traditional and Western medicine. Its bioactive potential is associated with the presence of flavonoids and terpene trilactones, but many other compounds may also have synergistic effects. Flavonoid dimers-biflavonoids-are important constituents of ginkgophytopharmaceuticals. Currently, the presence of 13 biflavonoids has been reported in ginkgo, of which amentoflavone, bilobetin, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin and isoginkgetin are the most common. Their role in plants remains unknown, but their bioactivity and potential role in the management of human health are better investigated. In this review, we have provided an overview of the chemistry, diversity and biological factors that influence the presence of biflavonoids in ginkgo, as well as their bioactive and health-related properties. We have focused on their antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as their potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlighted their potential toxicity and pointed out further research directions.
银杏（银杏属）是最具特色的植物之一，其特点是对各种环境条件具有出色的抗性。它被用作观赏植物，在传统医学和西医中均被视为药用植物。其生物活性潜力与黄酮类化合物和萜类三内酯的存在有关，但许多其他化合物可能也具有协同作用。黄酮类二聚体——双黄酮——是银杏植物药的重要成分。目前，已报道银杏中存在13种双黄酮，其中穗花杉双黄酮、白果双黄酮、日本金松双黄酮、银杏双黄酮和异银杏双黄酮最为常见。它们在植物中的作用尚不清楚，但对其生物活性以及在人类健康管理中的潜在作用有了更深入的研究。在本综述中，我们概述了影响银杏中双黄酮存在的化学、多样性和生物学因素，以及它们的生物活性和与健康相关的特性。我们重点关注了它们的抗氧化、抗癌、抗病毒、抗菌、抗真菌和抗炎活性，以及它们在治疗心血管、代谢和神经退行性疾病中的潜在作用。我们还强调了它们的潜在毒性，并指出了进一步的研究方向。
