Nadeem Aroosa Younis, Shehzad Adeeb, Islam Salman Ul, Al-Suhaimi Ebtesam A, Lee Young Sup
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Apr 30;10(5):713. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10050713.
Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by bites from (. )-infected mosquitoes with a present scale of symptoms ranging from moderate fever to neurological disorders. is the most lethal of the five strains of malaria, and is a major case of morbidity and mortality in endemic regions. Recent advancements in malaria diagnostic tools and prevention strategies have improved conjugation antimalarial therapies using fumigation and long-lasting insecticidal sprays, thus lowering malarial infections. Declines in the total number of infected individuals have been correlated with antimalarial drugs. Despite this, malaria remains a major health threat, affecting more than 30 million men, women, and children around the globe, and 20 percent of all children around the globe have malaria parasites in their blood. To overcome this life-threatening condition, novel therapeutic strategies, including immunization, are urgently needed to tackle this infection around the world. In line with this, the development of the RTS, S vaccine was a significant step forward in the fight against malaria. RTS, S is a vaccine for in which R specifies central repeat units, T the T-cell epitopes, and S indicates surface antigen. The RTS, S/AS01 malarial vaccine was synthesized and screened in several clinical trials between 2009 and 2014, involving thousands of young children in seven African countries, showing that children who received the vaccine did not suffer from severe malaria. Mosquirix™ was approved by the World Health Organization in 2021, indicating it to be safe and advocating its integration into routine immunization programs and existing malaria control measures. This paper examines the various stages of the vaccine's development, including the evaluation of its immunogenicity and efficacy on the basis of a total of 2.3 million administered doses through a routine immunization program. The protection and effectiveness provided by the vaccine are strong, and evidence shows that it can be effectively delivered through the routine child immunization platform. The economic cost of the vaccine remains to be considered.
疟疾是一种由感染了（.）的蚊子叮咬引起的寄生虫感染，目前的症状范围从中度发热到神经紊乱。（此处原文有缺失内容）是五种疟疾菌株中最致命的一种，是流行地区发病和死亡的主要原因。疟疾诊断工具和预防策略的最新进展改进了使用熏蒸和长效杀虫剂喷雾的联合抗疟疗法，从而降低了疟疾感染率。感染人数的减少与抗疟药物有关。尽管如此，疟疾仍然是一个重大的健康威胁，全球有超过3000万男性、女性和儿童受到影响，全球20%的儿童血液中携带疟原虫。为了克服这种危及生命的状况，迫切需要包括免疫接种在内的新型治疗策略来应对全球范围内的这种感染。与此一致的是，RTS，S疫苗的研发是抗击疟疾的重要一步。RTS，S是一种针对（此处原文有缺失内容）的疫苗，其中R指定中央重复单元，T指定T细胞表位，S表示表面抗原。RTS，S/AS01疟疾疫苗在2009年至2014年期间进行了多项临床试验，涉及七个非洲国家的数千名幼儿，结果表明接种该疫苗的儿童未患严重疟疾。Mosquirix™于2021年获得世界卫生组织批准，表明其安全并提倡将其纳入常规免疫计划和现有的疟疾控制措施。本文研究了该疫苗研发的各个阶段，包括基于通过常规免疫计划接种的总共230万剂疫苗对其免疫原性和效力的评估。该疫苗提供的保护和有效性很强，有证据表明它可以通过常规儿童免疫平台有效接种。该疫苗的经济成本仍有待考量。
