Cano-Argüelles Ana Laura, Abuin-Denis Lianet, Obregon Dasiel, Mateos-Hernandez Lourdes, Maître Apolline, Piloto-Sardiñas Elianne, Wu-Chuang Alejandra, Tonnerre Pierre, Cabezas-Cruz Alejandro
Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France.
Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2025 Jul 8;8:100291. doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100291. eCollection 2025.
Vaccination campaigns have profoundly influenced the dynamics of infectious diseases, acting as one of the largest ecological experiments in history. By vaccinating billions across decades, we have imposed powerful selective pressures on pathogens, illuminating their ability to adapt, evade, or persist. Rooted in the Jenner/Pasteur paradigm - where exposure to an antigen induces protective immunity - vaccines have revealed how pathogens differ in their ecological susceptibility to immunity. Using this framework, pathogens can be categorized based on their strategies to endure, from those limited by direct immunity to those relying on antigenic variation, chronic infection, or reservoirs. Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) present a set of challenges to vaccination efforts due to their complex life cycles, stage-specific antigen expression, and reliance on arthropod vectors for transmission. These pathogens not only evade host immunity but also adapt to selective pressures within the vector's microbiome and immune system. Such complexity often places VBPs beyond the scope of traditional vaccine paradigms, requiring alternative strategies such as transmission-blocking and vector-targeted vaccines. This review explores these insights, examining the interplay between vaccination, pathogen ecology, and evolution - with special emphasis on VBPs - to guide future strategies in vector-borne disease (VBD) control.
疫苗接种运动对传染病的动态发展产生了深远影响，堪称历史上规模最大的生态实验之一。数十年来，通过为数十亿人接种疫苗，我们对病原体施加了强大的选择压力，揭示了它们适应、逃避或持续存在的能力。基于詹纳/巴斯德范式（即接触抗原可诱导保护性免疫），疫苗揭示了病原体在对免疫的生态易感性方面的差异。利用这一框架，病原体可根据其耐受策略进行分类，从受直接免疫限制的病原体到依赖抗原变异、慢性感染或宿主的病原体。由于媒介传播病原体（VBP）具有复杂的生命周期、阶段特异性抗原表达以及依赖节肢动物媒介进行传播，因此给疫苗接种工作带来了一系列挑战。这些病原体不仅能逃避宿主免疫，还能适应媒介微生物群和免疫系统内的选择压力。这种复杂性常常使VBP超出传统疫苗范式的范围，需要诸如传播阻断疫苗和针对媒介的疫苗等替代策略。本综述探讨了这些见解，研究了疫苗接种、病原体生态学和进化之间的相互作用——特别强调VBP——以指导未来控制媒介传播疾病（VBD）的策略。
