Aigner Carrie J, Dammeyer Jesper
Department of Psychology, Cal Poly Humboldt, Arcata, CA, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
J Addict Dis. 2023 Jan-Mar;41(1):110-115. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2078641. Epub 2022 Jun 1.
Comorbidity between smoking and chronic pain is well-documented, but gender differences in the pain-smoking relationship are not well understood. Although men experience greater acute analgesic benefit from smoking, pain may be more highly related to nicotine dependence and barriers to quitting among women. Utilizing a large, representative sample of adults in Denmark ( = 18,019), the current study examined gender as a moderator of the relationship between pain and smoking. Being a current smoker was related to greater likelihood of experiencing pain in univariate analysis (Chi-Square = 67.07, < .01). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, being male (log odds = .28, < .01), having pain (log odds = .37, < .01), and having lower education level (log odds = -.37, < .01) increased the likelihood of being a current smoker. The negative Gender X Pain interaction was also significant (log odds = -.17, = .02), indicating that among males, the effect (in log odds) of Pain on Smoking was lower, when compared to females. The stronger relationship between pain and smoking observed among women may indicate that women are more likely to use smoking means of coping with pain than men. It is also possible that over the long-term, smoking exacerbates painful conditions to a higher degree among women than men. Future research should seek to clarify differences in smoking negative reinforcement expectancies, nicotine dependence, and barriers to quitting between male and female smokers with pain.
吸烟与慢性疼痛之间的共病现象已有充分记录，但疼痛与吸烟关系中的性别差异尚不清楚。尽管男性从吸烟中获得的急性镇痛益处更大，但疼痛可能与女性的尼古丁依赖和戒烟障碍关系更为密切。本研究利用丹麦成年人的一个具有代表性的大样本（n = 18,019），将性别作为疼痛与吸烟关系的调节因素进行了考察。在单变量分析中，当前吸烟者经历疼痛的可能性更大（卡方 = 67.07，p <.01）。在多变量逻辑回归分析中，男性（对数优势 = 0.28，p <.01）、有疼痛（对数优势 = 0.37，p <.01）以及教育水平较低（对数优势 = -0.37，p <.01）会增加成为当前吸烟者的可能性。负性的性别×疼痛交互作用也显著（对数优势 = -0.17，p = 0.02），表明与女性相比，男性中疼痛对吸烟的影响（以对数优势表示）较低。在女性中观察到的疼痛与吸烟之间更强的关系可能表明，女性比男性更有可能使用吸烟来应对疼痛。也有可能长期来看，吸烟在女性中比在男性中更易加剧疼痛状况。未来的研究应致力于阐明有疼痛的男性和女性吸烟者在吸烟负性强化预期、尼古丁依赖及戒烟障碍方面的差异。
