Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
Neuron. 2022 Aug 17;110(16):2545-2570. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.030. Epub 2022 May 27.
Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of "internal states"-partially hidden variables that profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such as fear, arousal, hunger, motivation, aggression, and many others, is a prominent focus of research efforts across animal phyla. Internal states can be inferred from changes in behavior, physiology, and neural dynamics and are characterized by properties such as pleiotropy, persistence, scalability, generalizability, and valence. To date, it remains unclear how internal states and their properties are generated by nervous systems. Here, we review recent progress, which has been driven by advances in behavioral quantification, cellular manipulations, and neural population recordings. We synthesize research implicating defined subsets of state-inducing cell types, widespread changes in neural activity, and neuromodulation in the formation and updating of internal states. In addition to highlighting the significance of these findings, our review advocates for new approaches to clarify the underpinnings of internal brain states across the animal kingdom.
动物行为受多种“内部状态”的影响——这些部分隐藏的变量深刻地影响着感知、认知和行动。内部状态（如恐惧、觉醒、饥饿、动机、攻击等）的神经基础是动物门各个类群研究工作的一个突出重点。内部状态可以从行为、生理和神经动力学的变化中推断出来，其特征包括多效性、持续性、可扩展性、通用性和效价。迄今为止，神经系统如何产生内部状态及其特性仍不清楚。在这里，我们回顾了最近的进展，这些进展是由行为量化、细胞操作和神经群体记录的进步推动的。我们综合了研究结果，这些研究结果表明，特定的状态诱导细胞类型亚群、广泛的神经活动变化以及神经调质在内部状态的形成和更新中发挥作用。除了强调这些发现的意义外，我们的综述还提倡采用新方法来阐明动物王国内部大脑状态的基础。
