Kusumaningrum Tina, Latinne Alice, Martinez Stephanie, Kalengkongan Jusuf, Wiyatno Ageng, Dewantari Aghnianditya Kresno, Kasenda Novie, Bernadus Janno B B, Jaya Ungke Anton, Ma'roef Chairin Nisa, Francisco Leilani, Hagan Emily, Miller Maureen, Myint Khin Saw Aye, Daszak Peter, Olival Kevin J, Saputro Suryo, Pamungkas Joko, Safari Dodi
Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA.
One Health Outlook. 2022 Jun 3;4(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s42522-022-00067-w.
Hunters, vendors, and consumers are key actors in the wildlife trade value chain in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, and potentially face an elevated risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases. Understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) associated with the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in these communities is therefore critical for developing recommendations to prevent or mitigate zoonotic outbreaks in the future.
Qualitative and quantitative methods were combined to understand KAP associated zoonotic diseases transmission risk in communities involved in the wildlife trade in North Sulawesi. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured ethnographic interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) while quantitative data were collected using questionnaires. We conducted 46 ethnographic interviews and 2 FGDs in 2016, and 477 questionnaire administrations in 2017-2018 in communities from five districts in North Sulawesi. We also collected biological specimens, including nasal swab, oropharyngeal swab, and blood, from 254 participants. The study sites were targeted based on known wildlife consumption and trade activities. The participants for qualitative data collection were purposively selected while participants for quantitative data collection were randomly selected. Biological samples were tested for five viral families including Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
Knowledge regarding disease transmission from animals to humans was similar across the participants in qualitative focus groups, including knowledge of rabies and bird flu as zoonotic diseases. However, only a small fraction of the participants from the quantitative group (1%) considered that contact with wild animals could cause sickness. Our biological specimen testing identified a single individual (1/254, 0.004%) who was sampled in 2018 with serological evidence of sarbecovirus exposure. Overall, participants were aware of some level of risk in working with open wounds while slaughtering or butchering an animal (71%) but most did not know what the specific risks were. However, significant differences in the attitudes or beliefs around zoonotic disease risk and health seeking behaviors were observed across our study sites in North Sulawesi.
Our study showed variable levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the risk of zoonotic disease transmission among study participants. These findings can be used to develop locally responsive recommendations to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission.
在印度尼西亚北苏拉威西省，猎人、商贩和消费者是野生动物贸易价值链中的关键角色，他们面临人畜共患病暴露风险升高的可能性。因此，了解这些社区中与人畜共患病传播风险相关的知识、态度和行为（KAP）对于制定预防或减轻未来人畜共患病爆发的建议至关重要。
采用定性和定量方法相结合，以了解北苏拉威西省参与野生动物贸易的社区中与人畜共患病传播风险相关的KAP。定性数据通过半结构化人种学访谈和焦点小组讨论（FGD）收集，定量数据则通过问卷调查收集。2016年，我们在北苏拉威西省五个地区的社区进行了46次人种学访谈和2次FGD，2017 - 2018年进行了477次问卷调查。我们还从254名参与者那里收集了生物标本，包括鼻拭子、口咽拭子和血液。研究地点是根据已知的野生动物消费和贸易活动确定的。定性数据收集的参与者是有目的地选择的，而定量数据收集的参与者是随机选择的。对生物样本进行了五个病毒科的检测，包括冠状病毒科、丝状病毒科、黄病毒科、正粘病毒科和副粘病毒科。
定性焦点小组的参与者对动物向人类传播疾病的知识相似，包括对狂犬病和禽流感等人畜共患病的了解。然而，定量组中只有一小部分参与者（1%）认为接触野生动物会导致生病。我们的生物样本检测发现，2018年采样的一名个体（1/254，0.004%）有感染严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒的血清学证据。总体而言，参与者意识到在宰杀或屠宰动物时处理开放性伤口存在一定程度的风险（71%），但大多数人不知道具体风险是什么。然而，在北苏拉威西省的研究地点，观察到围绕人畜共患病风险和寻求健康行为的态度或信念存在显著差异。
我们的研究表明，研究参与者中与人畜共患病传播风险相关的知识、态度和行为水平各不相同。这些发现可用于制定因地制宜的建议，以减轻人畜共患病的传播。
