International Institute of Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India.
Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India.
BMC Womens Health. 2022 Jun 2;22(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01786-y.
In developing nations like India, fertility and mortality have decreased, and diseases related to lifestyle have become more common. Females in India are more prone to being overweight and obese than their male counterparts, more specifically in affluent families than the poor ones. Understanding the overweight and obesity trend may help develop feasible public health interventions to reduce the burden of obesity and associated adverse health outcomes.
The study utilizes the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to check the significant relationship between overweight and obesity, and other background characteristics. Income-related inequality in overweight and obesity among women was quantified by the concentration index and the concentration curve. Further, Wagstaff decomposition analysis was done to decompose the concentration index, into the contributions of each factor to the income-related inequalities.
Overweight & obesity among women had a significant positive association with their age and educational level. The odds of overweight and obesity were 57% more likely among women who ever had any caesarean births than those who did not [AOR: 1.57; CI: 1.53-1.62]. The likelihood of overweight and obesity was 4.31 times more likely among women who belonged to richest [AOR: 5.84; CI: 5.61-6.08] wealth quintile, than those who belonged to poor wealth quintile. Women who ever terminated the pregnancy had 20% higher risk of overweight and obesity than those who did not [AOR: 1.20; CI: 1.17-1.22]. The concentration of overweight and obesity among women was mostly in rich households of all the Indian states and union territories. Among the geographical regions of India, the highest inequality was witnessed in Eastern India (0.41), followed by Central India (0.36).
The study results also reveal a huge proportion of women belonging to the BMI categories of non-normal, which is a concern and can increase the risks of developing non-communicable diseases. Hence, the study concludes and recommends an urgent need of interventions catering to urban women belonging to higher socio-economic status which can reduce the risks of health consequences due to overweight and obesity. Development nutrition-specific as well as sensitive interventions can be done for mobilization of local resources that addresses the multiple issues under which a woman is overweight or obese.
在印度等发展中国家，生育率和死亡率有所下降，与生活方式相关的疾病变得更为普遍。与男性相比，印度女性更容易超重和肥胖，尤其是在富裕家庭中比贫困家庭更为常见。了解超重和肥胖趋势有助于制定可行的公共卫生干预措施，以减轻肥胖负担和相关不良健康后果。
本研究利用了 2015-16 年第四次全国家庭健康调查（NFHS-4）的数据。使用描述性统计、双变量和多变量分析来检查超重和肥胖与其他背景特征之间的显著关系。通过集中指数和集中曲线来量化女性超重和肥胖的收入相关不平等。此外，还进行了 Wagstaff 分解分析，将集中指数的分解为每个因素对收入相关不平等的贡献。
女性超重和肥胖与年龄和教育程度呈显著正相关。与从未进行过剖宫产的女性相比，曾进行过剖宫产的女性超重和肥胖的可能性高 57%[优势比（AOR）：1.57；置信区间（CI）：1.53-1.62]。属于最富有[AOR：5.84；CI：5.61-6.08]财富五分位数的女性比属于最贫穷财富五分位数的女性超重和肥胖的可能性高 4.31 倍。曾终止妊娠的女性超重和肥胖的风险比未终止妊娠的女性高 20%[AOR：1.20；CI：1.17-1.22]。女性超重和肥胖的集中程度主要集中在所有印度邦和联邦属地的富裕家庭中。在印度的地理区域中，东部地区（0.41）观察到的不平等程度最高，其次是中部地区（0.36）。
研究结果还表明，很大一部分女性属于 BMI 非正常值类别，这令人担忧，并可能增加患非传染性疾病的风险。因此，研究得出结论并建议迫切需要针对属于较高社会经济地位的城市女性的干预措施，以降低因超重和肥胖导致的健康后果的风险。可以制定专门针对营养问题的干预措施以及对妇女超重或肥胖问题敏感的干预措施，以调动地方资源来解决妇女超重或肥胖的多种问题。
