Ioannou Leonidas G, Foster Josh, Morris Nathan B, Piil Jacob F, Havenith George, Mekjavic Igor B, Kenny Glen P, Nybo Lars, Flouris Andreas D
FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Temperature (Austin). 2022 Apr 26;9(1):67-102. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2030634. eCollection 2022.
The present comprehensive review (i) summarizes the current knowledge on the impacts of occupational heat stress on outdoor workers, (ii) provides a historical background on this issue, (iii) presents a meta-analysis of published data, (iv) explores inter-individual and intra-individual factors, (v) discusses the available heat mitigation strategies, (vi) estimates physical work capacity, labour productivity, and metabolic rate for the year 2030, and (vii) provides an overview of existing policy and legal frameworks on occupational heat exposure. Meta-analytic findings from 38 field studies that involved monitoring 2,409 outdoor workers across 41 jobs in 21 countries suggest that occupational heat stress increases the core (r = 0.44) and skin (r = 0.44) temperatures, as well as the heart rate (r = 0.38) and urine specific gravity (r = 0.13) of outdoor workers (all p < 0.05). Moreover, it diminishes the capacity of outdoor workers for manual labour (r = -0.82; p < 0.001) and is responsible for more than two thirds of the reduction in their metabolic rate. Importantly, our analysis shows that physical work capacity is projected to be highly affected by the ongoing anthropogenic global warming. Nevertheless, the metabolic rate and, therefore, labour productivity are projected to remain at levels higher than the workers' physical work capacity, indicating that people will continue to work more intensely than they should to meet their financial obligations for food and shelter. In this respect, complementary measures targeting self-pacing, hydration, work-rest regimes, ventilated garments, and mechanization can be adopted to protect outdoor workers.
（i）总结了当前关于职业热应激对户外工作者影响的知识；（ii）提供了该问题的历史背景；（iii）对已发表的数据进行了荟萃分析；（iv）探讨个体间和个体内因素；（v）讨论了现有的热缓解策略；（vi）估计了2030年的体力工作能力、劳动生产率和代谢率；（vii）概述了现有的关于职业热暴露的政策和法律框架。来自38项实地研究的荟萃分析结果，这些研究涉及对21个国家41种工作的2409名户外工作者进行监测，结果表明职业热应激会增加户外工作者的核心体温（r = 0.44）和皮肤温度（r = 0.44），以及心率（r = 0.38）和尿比重（r = 0.13）（所有p < 0.05）。此外，它会降低户外工作者的体力劳动能力（r = -0.82；p < 0.001），并导致其代谢率降低超过三分之二。重要的是，我们的分析表明，持续的人为全球变暖预计将对体力工作能力产生重大影响。然而，预计代谢率以及劳动生产率将保持在高于工作者体力工作能力的水平，这表明人们将继续比应有的强度更努力地工作以满足他们在食物和住房方面的经济需求。在这方面，可以采取针对自我节奏控制、补水、工作休息制度、通风服装和机械化的补充措施来保护户外工作者。
