Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
Molecules. 2022 May 30;27(11):3516. doi: 10.3390/molecules27113516.
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are disorders that affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. To name a few causes, NDDs can be caused by ischemia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cell stress, inflammation, abnormal protein deposition in neural tissue, autoimmune-mediated neuron loss, and viral or prion infections. These conditions include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). The formation of β-sheet-rich aggregates of intra- or extracellular proteins in the CNS hallmarks all neurodegenerative proteinopathies. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), numerous organs, including the central nervous system (CNS), are affected. However, the inflammatory process is linked to several neurodegenerative pathways that are linked to depression because of NDDs. Pro-inflammatory signals activated by aging may increase vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. Viruses may increase macrophages and CCR5+ T cells within the CNS during dementia formation and progression. Unlike medical symptoms, which are just signs of a patient's health as expressed and perceived, biomarkers are reproducible and quantitative. Therefore, this current review will highlight and summarize the neurological disorders and their biomarkers.
神经退行性疾病（NDDs）是影响中枢和外周神经系统的疾病。引起 NDDs 的原因有很多，如缺血、氧化和内质网（ER）细胞应激、炎症、神经组织中异常蛋白质沉积、自身免疫介导的神经元丧失以及病毒或朊病毒感染。这些疾病包括阿尔茨海默病（AD）、路易体痴呆（LBD）和帕金森病（PD）。CNS 中细胞内或细胞外蛋白质的β-折叠丰富聚集的形成标志着所有神经退行性蛋白病。在系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）中，许多器官，包括中枢神经系统（CNS），都会受到影响。然而，炎症过程与几种与抑郁相关的神经退行性途径有关。衰老激活的促炎信号可能会增加神经精神障碍的易感性。在痴呆形成和进展过程中，病毒可能会增加中枢神经系统内的巨噬细胞和 CCR5+T 细胞。与仅作为患者健康表达和感知的迹象的医学症状不同，生物标志物具有可重复性和定量性。因此，本综述将重点介绍和总结神经退行性疾病及其生物标志物。
