Sollie Ove, Losnegard Thomas
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Front Physiol. 2022 May 24;13:819979. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.819979. eCollection 2022.
To explore the anthropometrical and physiological determinants of laboratory and on-snow performance in competitive adolescent cross-country skiers. Fifty-two adolescent (25 girls) (14.8 ± 0.6 years) skiers performed an uphill treadmill rollerski session using the G2 ski skating technique. Gross efficiency (GE) was calculated from a submaximal work bout (∼84% of peak oxygen uptake; V̇O) while V̇O, accumulated oxygen deficit (ΣO) and laboratory performance were determined from a 3-min time trial (TT) before upper- and lower-body maximum strength were tested. Pearson's product moment correlations and multiple regression analysis explored the relationship with anthropometrical and physiological determinations of laboratory and on-snow performance in sprint (∼1 km, ∼2.5-3 min) and distance races (5-7.5 km, ∼12-20 min) from the national championship for this age-group. A large correlation was found between on-snow sprint and distance performance (boys r = 0.61, girls r = 0.76, both < 0.01) and for on-snow distance performance with TT (r = 0.51 to 0.56, < 0.05). V̇O, ΣO and GE explained ∼80% of variations in performance in the TT, but substantial lower on-snow skiing performance (∼20-30%). For the TT performance, V̇O showed a very large and large correlation for boys and girls (r = 0.76 and 0.65 respectively, both < 0.01), ΣO showed a large correlation for boys and girls (r = 0.53 and 0.55 respectively, both < 0.01) and age showed a large correlation for boys (r = 0.56, < 0.01), with no significant correlation for girls (r = -0.19). For on-snow distance performance, V̇O showed a large correlation for boys (r = 0.53, < 0.01) and girls (r = 0.50, < 0.05). For on-snow sprint performance, upper-body strength (r = 0.55, both sexes < 0.01) and body mass index (BMI) showed a large correlation for boys (r = 0.53, < 0.01) and girls (r = 0.51, < 0.05). V̇O is an important determinant for overall XC skiing performance in competitive male and female adolescent skiers. However, upper-body strength and BMI correlate the most with sprint performance. While laboratory performance can to a large extent be explained by physiological factors, on-snow-performance for adolescents is based more on multivariate factors (tactics, equipment's, technique, racecourse etc.), implying the need for a holistic approach to understanding the sport-specific demands in such age-groups.
探讨青少年越野滑雪运动员实验室表现及雪上表现的人体测量学和生理学决定因素。52名青少年（25名女孩）（14.8±0.6岁）滑雪运动员采用G2滑雪滑行技术进行了一次上坡跑步机滑轮滑雪训练。从一次亚最大强度运动（约为峰值摄氧量的84%；V̇O₂）中计算出总效率（GE），而上半身和下半身最大力量测试前，通过3分钟计时赛（TT）测定V̇O₂、累积氧亏（ΣO₂）和实验室表现。皮尔逊积矩相关性分析和多元回归分析探讨了与该年龄组全国锦标赛中短跑（约1公里，约2.5 - 3分钟）和长距离比赛（5 - 7.5公里，约12 - 20分钟）的实验室及雪上表现的人体测量学和生理学决定因素之间的关系。雪上短跑和长距离表现之间存在高度相关性（男孩r = 0.61，女孩r = 0.76，均P < 0.01），雪上长距离表现与计时赛也存在相关性（r = 0.51至0.56，P < 0.05）。V̇O₂、ΣO₂和GE解释了计时赛中约80%的表现差异，但雪上滑雪表现的解释比例大幅降低（约20 - 30%）。对于计时赛表现，V̇O₂在男孩和女孩中分别显示出非常高和高的相关性（r分别为0.76和0.65，均P < 0.01），ΣO₂在男孩和女孩中显示出高相关性（r分别为0.53和0.55，均P < 0.01），年龄在男孩中显示出高相关性（r = 0.56，P < 0.01），在女孩中无显著相关性（r = -0.19）。对于雪上长距离表现，V̇O₂在男孩中显示出高相关性（r = 0.53，P < 0.01），在女孩中显示出高相关性（r = 0.50，P < 0.05）。对于雪上短跑表现，上半身力量（r = 0.55，男女均P < 0.01）和体重指数（BMI）在男孩中显示出高相关性（r = 0.53，P < 0.01），在女孩中显示出高相关性（r = 0.51，P < 0.05）。V̇O₂是竞技男女青少年滑雪运动员整体越野滑雪表现的重要决定因素。然而上半身力量和BMI与短跑表现的相关性最高。虽然实验室表现很大程度上可由生理因素解释，但青少年的雪上表现更多基于多因素（战术、装备、技术、赛道等），这意味着需要采用整体方法来理解该年龄组特定运动项目的需求。
