Schleim Stephan
Theory and History of Psychology, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2022 May 26;13:914322. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914322. eCollection 2022.
Finding a scientific, third-person explanation of subjective experience or phenomenal content is commonly called the "hard problem" of consciousness. There has recently been a surge in neuropsychological research on meditation in general and long-term meditators in particular. These experimental subjects are allegedly capable of generating a stable state of consciousness over a prolonged period of time, which makes experimentation with them an interesting paradigm for consciousness research. This perspective article starts out with a historical reconstruction of the "hard problem," tracing it back to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Emil du Bois-Reymond in the 18th and 19th century, respectively, and the problem of introspection as already acknowledged by Wilhelm Wundt in the 19th century. It then discusses the prospects of research on long-term meditators from a contemporary perspective and with respect to the neurophenomenological research program already advocated by Francisco J. Varela.
寻找对主观体验或现象内容的科学的、第三人称的解释，通常被称为意识的“难题”。最近，关于冥想的神经心理学研究激增，尤其是针对长期冥想者的研究。据称，这些实验对象能够在较长时间内产生稳定的意识状态，这使得对他们进行实验成为意识研究的一个有趣范例。这篇观点文章首先对“难题”进行了历史重构，分别追溯到18世纪的戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨和19世纪的埃米尔·杜布瓦-雷蒙德，以及19世纪威廉·冯特已经承认的内省问题。然后，从当代视角并结合弗朗西斯科·J·瓦雷拉已经倡导的神经现象学研究计划，讨论了对长期冥想者进行研究的前景。
