Biomaterials, Bio-engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular, Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom.
Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16444, Iran.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022 Jul 11;8(7):2764-2797. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00094. Epub 2022 Jun 13.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting are promising technologies for a broad range of healthcare applications from frontier regenerative medicine and tissue engineering therapies to pharmaceutical advancements yet must overcome the challenges of biocompatibility and resolution. Through comparison of traditional biofabrication methods with 3D (bio)printing, this review highlights the promise of 3D printing for the production of on-demand, personalized, and complex products that enhance the accessibility, effectiveness, and safety of drug therapies and delivery systems. In addition, this review describes the capacity of 3D bioprinting to fabricate patient-specific tissues and living cell systems (e.g., vascular networks, organs, muscles, and skeletal systems) as well as its applications in the delivery of cells and genes, microfluidics, and organ-on-chip constructs. This review summarizes how tailoring selected parameters (i.e., accurately selecting the appropriate printing method, materials, and printing parameters based on the desired application and behavior) can better facilitate the development of optimized 3D-printed products and how dynamic 4D-printed strategies (printing materials designed to change with time or stimulus) may be deployed to overcome many of the inherent limitations of conventional 3D-printed technologies. Comprehensive insights into a critical perspective of the future of 4D bioprinting, crucial requirements for 4D printing including the programmability of a material, multimaterial printing methods, and precise designs for meticulous transformations or even clinical applications are also given.
三维（3D）打印和 3D 生物打印技术在前沿再生医学和组织工程疗法到药物进展等广泛的医疗保健应用中具有广阔的应用前景，但必须克服生物相容性和分辨率的挑战。通过比较传统的生物制造方法与 3D（生物）打印，本综述突出了 3D 打印在按需生产、个性化和复杂产品方面的潜力，从而提高药物治疗和输送系统的可及性、有效性和安全性。此外，本综述还介绍了 3D 生物打印制造特定于患者的组织和活细胞系统（例如，血管网络、器官、肌肉和骨骼系统）的能力，以及其在细胞和基因输送、微流控和器官芯片构建中的应用。本综述总结了如何通过调整选定的参数（即，根据所需的应用和行为准确选择适当的打印方法、材料和打印参数）更好地促进优化 3D 打印产品的开发，以及如何部署动态 4D 打印策略（设计为随时间或刺激而变化的打印材料）来克服传统 3D 打印技术的许多固有局限性。本文还深入了解了 4D 生物打印的未来的关键观点，包括对材料的可编程性、多材料打印方法以及用于细致转变甚至临床应用的精确设计等 4D 打印的关键要求。
