Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK.
Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2022 Aug;26(8):656-668. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.007. Epub 2022 Jun 10.
Humans spontaneously attribute character traits to strangers based on their facial appearance. Although these 'first impressions' typically have no basis in reality, some authors have assumed that they have an innate origin. By contrast, the Trait Inference Mapping (TIM) account proposes that first impressions are products of culturally acquired associative mappings that allow activation to spread from representations of facial appearance to representations of trait profiles. According to TIM, cultural instruments, including propaganda, illustrated storybooks, art and iconography, ritual, film, and TV, expose many individuals within a community to common sources of correlated face-trait experience, yielding first impressions that are shared by many, but typically inaccurate. Here, we review emerging empirical findings, many of which accord with TIM, and argue that future work must distinguish first impressions based on invariant facial features (e.g., shape) from those based on facial behaviours (e.g., expressions).
人们会根据陌生人的面部外貌自发地赋予其性格特征。尽管这些“第一印象”通常没有现实依据，但一些作者认为它们具有天生的起源。相比之下，特质推断映射（Trait Inference Mapping，TIM）理论认为，第一印象是文化习得的联想映射的产物，这些映射允许从面部外观的表示到特质特征的表示的激活扩散。根据 TIM，包括宣传、插图故事书、艺术和肖像画、仪式、电影和电视在内的文化工具使社区内的许多人接触到共同的相关面部特质体验来源，从而产生许多人共同但通常不准确的第一印象。在这里，我们回顾了新兴的实证研究结果，其中许多结果与 TIM 一致，并认为未来的工作必须区分基于不变面部特征（例如形状）的第一印象和基于面部行为（例如表情）的第一印象。
