A landscape review of controlled release urea products: Patent objective, formulation and technology.

Fertiliser has been a vital part of agriculture due to it boosting crop productivity and preventing starvation throughout the world. Despite this huge contribution, the application of nitrogen (N) fertilisers results in N leaching and the formation of greenhouse gases, which threaten the environment and human health. To minimise the impacts, slow/controlled release fertilisers (S/CRFs) have been being developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Despite the efforts made over a century, the basic terminological and classification information of these fertilisers remains vague. The scientific knowledge published in S/CRF patents has also been overlooked since the beginning. This review focused on the information gaps, clarified the definitions, differentiation and classification methods that have been randomly used in previous literature. The objectives, formulations and technologies of 109 controlled release urea patents involving sulphur coated urea, polymer coated urea and urea matrix fertilisers published in the years since these products emerged were also reviewed to 1) highlight the overlooked scientific knowledge in the patents; 2) understand the evolutionary processes and current research states of the products; 3) clarify research preferences and challenges to date; 4) identify remaining gaps for the future direction. It is expected that the organised basic information and the patent knowledge highlighted in this paper can be new resources and foster the development of S/CRFs in the future.