Li Rong, Chen Shanyuan, Li Chunqing, Xiao Heng, Costa Vânia, Bhuiyan Mohammad Shamsul Alam, Baig Mumtaz, Beja-Pereira Albano
School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
College of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China.
Front Genet. 2022 May 27;13:847492. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.847492. eCollection 2022.
It is known that throughout history and presently, taurine () and indicine/zebu () cattle were crossed with other bovine species (e.g., gayal, gaur, banteng, yak, wisent, and bison). Information on the role of interspecific hybridization to facilitate faster adaptation of the newly arrived domestic species to new environments is poorly known. Herein, we collected 266 samples of bovine species of the taurine, zebu, yak, and gaur from West Europe, Southwest China, Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia to conduct the principal component analysis (PCA), admixture, gene flow, and selection signature analyses by using SNPs distributed across the bovine autosomes. The results showed that the genetic relationships between the zebu, yak, and gaur mirrored their geographical origins. Three ancestral components of the European taurine, East Asian taurine, and Indian zebu were found in domestic cattle, and the bidirectional genetic introgression between the Diqing cattle and Zhongdian yak was also detected. Simultaneously, the introgressed genes from the Zhongdian yak to the Diqing cattle were mainly enriched with immune-related pathways, and the , , and genes related to the adaptation of high-altitude hypoxia were detected. Additionally, we found the genetic components of the Zhongdian yak had introgressed into Tibetan cattle. The 30 selected genes were detected in Tibetan cattle, which were significantly enriched in the chemokine signaling pathway. Interestingly, some genes (, , and ) associated with hypoxia response were discovered, in which and played important roles in angiogenesis and erythropoiesis, and heart function, respectively. This result showed that genetic introgression was one of the important ways for the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle.
众所周知，在历史上以及当下，瘤牛（）和印度瘤牛/瘤牛（）曾与其他牛种（如大额牛、白肢野牛、爪哇牛、牦牛、欧洲野牛和美洲野牛）杂交。关于种间杂交在促进新引入的家养物种更快适应新环境方面所起作用的信息鲜为人知。在此，我们从西欧、中国西南部、印度次大陆和东南亚收集了266份瘤牛、瘤牛、牦牛和白肢野牛的牛种样本，利用分布在牛常染色体上的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）进行主成分分析（PCA）、混合分析、基因流分析和选择特征分析。结果表明，瘤牛、牦牛和白肢野牛之间的遗传关系反映了它们的地理起源。在家养牛中发现了欧洲瘤牛、东亚瘤牛和印度瘤牛的三个祖先成分，同时还检测到迪庆牛和中甸牦牛之间的双向基因渐渗。同时，从中甸牦牛渐渗到迪庆牛的基因主要富集于免疫相关途径，并且检测到了与高原低氧适应相关的、和基因。此外，我们发现中甸牦牛的遗传成分渐渗到了西藏牛中。在西藏牛中检测到30个选择基因，它们在趋化因子信号通路中显著富集。有趣的是，发现了一些与低氧反应相关的基因（、和），其中和分别在血管生成、红细胞生成以及心脏功能中发挥重要作用。这一结果表明基因渐渗是家养牛环境适应的重要方式之一。
