State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
Nat Ecol Evol. 2018 Jul;2(7):1139-1145. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y. Epub 2018 May 21.
Species of the Bos genus, including taurine cattle, zebu, gayal, gaur, banteng, yak, wisent and bison, have been domesticated at least four times and have been an important source of meat, milk and power for many human cultures. We sequence the genomes of gayal, gaur, banteng, wisent and bison, and provide population genomic sequencing of an additional 98 individuals. We use these data to determine the phylogeny and evolutionary history of these species and show that the threatened gayal is an independent species or subspecies. We show that there has been pronounced introgression among different members of this genus, and that it in many cases has involved genes of considerable adaptive importance. For example, genes under domestication selection in cattle (for example, MITF) were introgressed from domestic cattle to yak. Also, genes in the response-to-hypoxia pathway (for example, EGLN1, EGLN2 and HIF3a) have been introgressed from yak to Tibetan cattle, probably facilitating their adaptation to high altitude. We also validate that there is an association between the introgressed EGLN1 allele and haemoglobin and red blood cell concentration. Our results illustrate the importance of introgression as a source of adaptive variation and during domestication, and suggest that the Bos genus evolves as a complex of genetically interconnected species with shared evolutionary trajectories.
牛属的物种，包括黄牛、瘤牛、大额牛、白肢野牛、野牦牛、亚洲野牛和欧洲野牛，已经被驯化了至少四次，是许多人类文化中肉类、牛奶和动力的重要来源。我们对大额牛、白肢野牛、野牦牛、欧洲野牛进行了基因组测序，并对另外 98 个个体进行了种群基因组测序。我们利用这些数据来确定这些物种的系统发育和进化历史，并表明受到威胁的大额牛是一个独立的物种或亚种。我们表明，这个属的不同成员之间存在明显的基因渗入，而且在许多情况下，这些基因具有相当重要的适应性。例如，牛在驯化过程中选择的基因（例如 MITF）从家牛渗入到牦牛中。此外，缺氧反应途径中的基因（例如 EGLN1、EGLN2 和 HIF3a）已经从牦牛渗入到西藏牛中，可能有助于它们适应高海拔环境。我们还验证了渗入的 EGLN1 等位基因与血红蛋白和红细胞浓度之间存在关联。我们的研究结果表明，基因渗入是适应性变异和驯化过程中的重要来源，并表明牛属作为一个具有共同进化轨迹的遗传上相互关联的物种复合体而进化。
