Văcar Cristina Lorena, Mircea Cristina, Pârvu Marcel, Podar Dorina
Doctoral School of Integrative Biology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (3B), Babeș-Bolyai University, 3-5 Clinicilor St., 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
J Fungi (Basel). 2022 May 30;8(6):589. doi: 10.3390/jof8060589.
Research into the biodeteriorative potential of fungi can serve as an indicator of the condition of heritage items. Biodeterioration of canvas paintings as a result of fungal metabolic activity is understudied with respect to both the species diversity and mechanisms involved. This study brings new evidence for the physiology of fungi biodeteriorative capacity of canvas paintings. Twenty-one fungal isolates were recovered from four oil paintings (The Art Museum, Cluj-Napoca) and one gouache painting (private collection), dating from the 18th to 20th centuries. The species, identified based on the molecular markers Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (tub2), or translation elongation factor 1 (TEF-1), are common colonisers of canvas paintings or indoor environments (e.g., spp., spp., spp.). Fungi enzymatic profiles were investigated by means of hydrolysable substrates, included in culture media or in test strips, containing components commonly used in canvas paintings. The pigment solubilisation capacity was assessed in culture media for the primary pigments and studied in relation to the organic acid secretion. Caseinases, amylases, gelatinases, acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and β-glucosidase were found to be the enzymes most likely involved in the processes of substrate colonisation and breakdown of its components. genus was found to hold the strongest biodeteriorative potential, followed by , , , and . Blue pigment solubilisation was detected, occurring as a result of organic acids secretion. Distinct clusters were delineated considering the metabolic activities detected, indicating that fungi specialise in utilisation of certain types of substrates. It was found that both aged and modern artworks are at risk of fungal biodeterioration, due to the enzymatic activities' diversity and intensity, pigment solubilisation capacity or pigment secretion.
对真菌生物劣化潜力的研究可作为文物状况的一个指标。关于真菌代谢活动导致帆布画生物劣化的物种多样性和相关机制，目前研究较少。本研究为帆布画真菌生物劣化能力的生理学提供了新证据。从四幅油画（克卢日-纳波卡艺术博物馆）和一幅水粉画（私人收藏）中分离出21株真菌菌株，这些画作年代从18世纪到20世纪。根据分子标记内转录间隔区（ITS）、β-微管蛋白（tub2）或翻译延伸因子1（TEF-1）鉴定的物种，是帆布画或室内环境的常见定殖菌（如 属、 属、 属）。通过包含在培养基或试纸条中的可水解底物来研究真菌的酶谱，这些底物含有帆布画中常用的成分。在培养基中评估主要颜料的色素溶解能力，并研究其与有机酸分泌的关系。发现酪蛋白酶、淀粉酶、明胶酶、酸性磷酸酶、N-乙酰-β-葡萄糖苷酶、萘酚-AS-BI-磷酸水解酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶是最有可能参与底物定殖和其成分分解过程的酶。发现 属具有最强的生物劣化潜力，其次是 属、 属、 属和 属。检测到由于有机酸分泌导致蓝色颜料溶解。根据检测到的代谢活动划分出不同的簇，表明真菌专门利用某些类型的底物。研究发现，由于酶活性的多样性和强度、色素溶解能力或色素分泌，古代和现代艺术品都有真菌生物劣化的风险。
