Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2022 Jun;130(6):67008. doi: 10.1289/EHP10248. Epub 2022 Jun 23.
Population studies support the adverse associations of air pollution exposures with child behavioral functioning and cognitive performance, but few studies have used spatiotemporally resolved pollutant assessments.
We investigated these associations using more refined exposure assessments in 1,967 mother-child dyads from three U.S. pregnancy cohorts in six cities in the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium.
Pre- and postnatal nitrogen dioxide () and particulate matter (PM) in aerodynamic diameter () exposures were derived from an advanced spatiotemporal model. Child behavior was reported as Total Problems raw score using the Child Behavior Checklist at age 4-6 y. Child cognition was assessed using cohort-specific cognitive performance scales and quantified as the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ). We fitted multivariate linear regression models that were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychological factors to estimate associations per 2-unit increase in pollutant in each exposure window and examined modification by child sex. Identified critical windows were further verified by distributed lag models (DLMs).
Mean and ranged from and , respectively, across pre- and postnatal windows. Average child Total Problems score and IQ were 22.7 [standard deviation (SD): 18.5] and 102.6 (SD: 15.3), respectively. Children with higher prenatal exposures were likely to have more behavioral problems [: 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39, 2.08; per ], particularly in the first and second trimester. Each increase in at age 2-4 y was associated with a 3.59 unit (95% CI: 0.35, 6.84) higher Total Problems score and a 2.63 point (95% CI: , ) lower IQ. The associations between and Total Problems score were generally stronger in girls. Most predefined windows identified were not confirmed by DLMs.
Our study extends earlier findings that have raised concerns about impaired behavioral functioning and cognitive performance in children exposed to and and in early life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10248.
人群研究支持空气污染暴露与儿童行为功能和认知表现之间的不良关联，但很少有研究使用时空分辨率高的污染物评估。
我们使用 ECHO-PATHWAYS 联盟六个城市的三个美国妊娠队列中的 1967 对母婴对子进行了更精细的暴露评估，以调查这些关联。
利用先进的时空模型，从大气动力学直径（）衍生出产前和产后二氧化氮（）和颗粒物（PM）的暴露量。在 4-6 岁时，使用儿童行为检查表报告儿童行为，总问题原始分数作为儿童行为问题的衡量标准。使用特定队列的认知表现量表评估儿童认知，并量化为全量表智商（IQ）。我们拟合了多元线性回归模型，这些模型根据社会人口统计学、行为和心理因素进行了调整，以估计每个暴露窗口中污染物每增加 2 个单位的关联，并检查了儿童性别对其的修饰作用。确定的关键窗口通过分布式滞后模型（DLMs）进一步验证。
产前和产后的平均和范围分别为和，跨越了产前和产后的窗口。儿童的平均总问题评分和 IQ 分别为 22.7（标准差（SD）：18.5）和 102.6（SD：15.3）。暴露于较高的产前的儿童更有可能出现更多的行为问题（：1.24；95%置信区间（CI）：0.39，2.08；每 ），尤其是在前三个月和第二个三个月。2-4 岁时每增加 1 个单位的，总问题评分增加 3.59 个单位（95%CI：0.35，6.84），IQ 降低 2.63 分（95%CI：，）。与总问题评分之间的关联在女孩中通常更强。通过 DLMs 未确认大多数预先定义的窗口。
我们的研究扩展了早期的发现，这些发现引起了人们对暴露于和和生命早期的儿童行为功能和认知表现受损的关注。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10248.
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