Allegra Alessandro, Casciaro Marco, Lo Presti Elena, Musolino Caterina, Gangemi Sebastiano
Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", Division of Hematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
Biomolecules. 2022 May 27;12(6):754. doi: 10.3390/biom12060754.
Unconventional T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) make up a heterogeneous set of cells that characteristically show prompt responses toward specific antigens. Unconventional T cells recognize non-peptide antigens, which are bound and presented by diverse non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecules and comprise γδ T cells, MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs), and natural killer T cells (NKTs). On the other hand, ILCs lack antigen-specific receptors and act as the innate counterpart to the T lymphocytes found in the adaptive immune response. The alteration of unconventional T cells and ILCs in frequency and functionality is correlated with the onset of several autoimmune diseases, allergy, inflammation, and tumor. However, depending on the physio-pathological framework, unconventional T cells may exhibit either protective or pathogenic activity in a range of neoplastic diseases. Nonetheless, experimental models and clinical studies have displayed that some unconventional T cells are potential therapeutic targets, as well as prognostic and diagnostic markers. In fact, cell-mediated immune response in tumors has become the focus in immunotherapy against neoplastic disease. This review concentrates on the present knowledge concerning the function of unconventional T cell sets in the antitumor immune response in hematological malignancies, such as acute and chronic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoproliferative disorders. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that modulating the activity of unconventional T cells could be useful in the treatment of hematological neoplasms, in the prevention of specific conditions (such as graft versus host disease), and in the formulation of an effective anticancer vaccine therapy. The exact knowledge of the role of these cells could represent the prerequisite for the creation of a new form of immunotherapy for hematological neoplasms.
非传统T细胞和固有淋巴细胞（ILC）构成了一组异质性细胞，其特征是对特定抗原表现出快速反应。非传统T细胞识别非肽抗原，这些抗原由多种非多态性抗原呈递分子结合并呈递，包括γδT细胞、MR1限制的黏膜相关恒定T细胞（MAIT）和自然杀伤T细胞（NKT）。另一方面，ILC缺乏抗原特异性受体，并作为适应性免疫反应中发现的T淋巴细胞的固有对应物发挥作用。非传统T细胞和ILC在频率和功能上的改变与几种自身免疫性疾病、过敏、炎症和肿瘤的发生相关。然而，根据生理病理框架，非传统T细胞在一系列肿瘤性疾病中可能表现出保护或致病活性。尽管如此，实验模型和临床研究表明，一些非传统T细胞是潜在的治疗靶点，以及预后和诊断标志物。事实上，肿瘤中的细胞介导免疫反应已成为肿瘤性疾病免疫治疗的焦点。本综述集中于目前关于非传统T细胞群在血液系统恶性肿瘤（如急性和慢性白血病、多发性骨髓瘤和淋巴增殖性疾病）抗肿瘤免疫反应中功能的知识。此外，我们讨论了调节非传统T细胞活性在治疗血液系统肿瘤、预防特定病症（如移植物抗宿主病）以及制定有效的抗癌疫苗治疗方面可能有用的可能性。对这些细胞作用的确切了解可能是创建一种新的血液系统肿瘤免疫治疗形式的先决条件。
