Rahman Mahmudur, Islam Kazi Rafiqul, Islam Md Rashedul, Islam Md Jahirul, Kaysir Md Rejvi, Akter Masuma, Rahman Md Arifur, Alam S M Mahfuz
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh.
Micromachines (Basel). 2022 Jun 18;13(6):968. doi: 10.3390/mi13060968.
Single-molecule techniques have shifted the paradigm of biological measurements from ensemble measurements to probing individual molecules and propelled a rapid revolution in related fields. Compared to ensemble measurements of biomolecules, single-molecule techniques provide a breadth of information with a high spatial and temporal resolution at the molecular level. Usually, optical and electrical methods are two commonly employed methods for probing single molecules, and some platforms even offer the integration of these two methods such as optofluidics. The recent spark in technological advancement and the tremendous leap in fabrication techniques, microfluidics, and integrated optofluidics are paving the way toward low cost, chip-scale, portable, and point-of-care diagnostic and single-molecule analysis tools. This review provides the fundamentals and overview of commonly employed single-molecule methods including optical methods, electrical methods, force-based methods, combinatorial integrated methods, etc. In most single-molecule experiments, the ability to manipulate and exercise precise control over individual molecules plays a vital role, which sometimes defines the capabilities and limits of the operation. This review discusses different manipulation techniques including sorting and trapping individual particles. An insight into the control of single molecules is provided that mainly discusses the recent development of electrical control over single molecules. Overall, this review is designed to provide the fundamentals and recent advancements in different single-molecule techniques and their applications, with a special focus on the detection, manipulation, and control of single molecules on chip-scale devices.
单分子技术已将生物测量的范式从整体测量转变为探测单个分子，并推动了相关领域的快速变革。与生物分子的整体测量相比，单分子技术在分子水平上以高空间和时间分辨率提供了广泛的信息。通常，光学和电学方法是探测单个分子的两种常用方法，一些平台甚至提供这两种方法的集成，如光流体学。最近技术进步的火花以及制造技术、微流体学和集成光流体学的巨大飞跃，正在为低成本、芯片级、便携式和即时诊断及单分子分析工具铺平道路。本文综述了常用单分子方法的基本原理和概述，包括光学方法、电学方法、基于力的方法、组合集成方法等。在大多数单分子实验中，对单个分子进行操纵和精确控制的能力起着至关重要的作用，这有时决定了操作的能力和局限性。本文综述讨论了不同的操纵技术，包括对单个粒子进行分选和捕获。本文深入探讨了对单分子的控制，主要讨论了单分子电控制的最新进展。总体而言，本文旨在提供不同单分子技术及其应用的基本原理和最新进展，特别关注芯片级设备上单个分子的检测、操纵和控制。
