Department of Mobility Power Research, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea.
Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 14-gil 5 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 10;842:156961. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156961. Epub 2022 Jun 24.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as zero emission vehicles due to the absence of exhaust emissions. However, they still contribute non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions, generated by brake wear, tire wear, road wear, and resuspended road dust. In fact, because EVs are heavier than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), their non-exhaust emissions are like to be even higher. While total PM emissions, including exhaust and non-exhaust PM emissions, from ICEVs and EVs have been compared based on the emission factors (EFs) listed in national emission inventories, there have been no comparisons based on experimental determinations. In this study, exhaust and non-exhaust emissions generated from a gasoline ICEV, diesel ICEV, and EV were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the EFs for the total PM emissions of ICEVs and EV were dependent on the inclusion of secondary exhaust PM, the brake pad type, and the regenerative braking intensity of the EV. When only primary exhaust PM emissions were considered in vehicles equipped with non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake pads, the total PM EF of the EV (47.7-49.3 mg/V·km) was 10-17 % higher than those of the gasoline ICEV (42.3 mg/V·km) and diesel ICEV (43.2 mg/V·km). However, in vehicles equipped with low-metallic (LM) brake pads, the total PM EF of the EV (49.2-57.7 mg/V·km) was comparable or lower than those of the gasoline ICEV (56.3 mg/V·km) and diesel ICEV (57.2 mg/V·km). When secondary PM emissions were included, the EF was always significantly lower for the EV than ICEVs. The total PM EF of the EV (47.7-57.7 mg/V·km) was lower than those of the gasoline ICEV (56.5-70.5 mg/V·km) and diesel ICEV (58.0-72.0 mg/V·km). Since secondary PM particles are mostly of submicron size, the EFs of the PM fraction of the ICEVs (28.7-33.0 mg/V·km) were two times higher than those of the EV (13.9-17.4 mg/V·km).
电动汽车（EV）由于没有尾气排放，被认为是零排放车辆。然而，它们仍然会产生非尾气颗粒物（PM）排放，这些排放来自刹车片磨损、轮胎磨损、道路磨损和再悬浮道路灰尘。事实上，由于电动汽车比内燃机汽车（ICEV）更重，它们的非尾气排放可能更高。虽然已经根据国家排放清单中列出的排放因子（EF）比较了 ICEV 和 EV 的总 PM 排放，包括尾气和非尾气 PM 排放，但尚未基于实验测定进行比较。在这项研究中，实验研究了汽油 ICEV、柴油 ICEV 和 EV 产生的尾气和非尾气排放。结果表明，ICEV 和 EV 的总 PM 排放 EF 取决于二次尾气 PM 的包含、刹车片类型以及 EV 的再生制动强度。当仅考虑配备无石棉有机（NAO）刹车片的车辆中的一次尾气 PM 排放时，EV（47.7-49.3mg/V·km）的总 PM EF 比汽油 ICEV（42.3mg/V·km）和柴油 ICEV（43.2mg/V·km）高 10-17%。然而，在配备低金属（LM）刹车片的车辆中，EV（49.2-57.7mg/V·km）的总 PM EF 与汽油 ICEV（56.3mg/V·km）和柴油 ICEV（57.2mg/V·km）相当或更低。当包含二次 PM 排放时，EV 的 EF 总是明显低于 ICEV。EV（47.7-57.7mg/V·km）的总 PM EF 低于汽油 ICEV（56.5-70.5mg/V·km）和柴油 ICEV（58.0-72.0mg/V·km）。由于二次 PM 颗粒主要为亚微米大小，因此 ICEV（28.7-33.0mg/V·km）的 PM 分数 EF 是 EV（13.9-17.4mg/V·km）的两倍。
