Paris-Est University, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France; Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.
Paris-Est University, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 20;844:156857. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156857. Epub 2022 Jun 24.
Multiple stressors threaten bee health, a major one being pesticides. Bees are simultaneously exposed to multiple pesticides that can cause both lethal and sublethal effects. Risk assessment and most research on bee health, however, focus on lethal individual effects. Here, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis that summarizes and re-interprets the available qualitative and quantitative information on the lethal, sublethal, and combined toxicity of a comprehensive range of pesticides on bees. We provide results (1970-2019) for multiple bee species (Bombus, Osmia, Megachile, Melipona, Partamona, Scaptotrigona), although most works focused on Apis mellifera L. (78 %). Our harmonised results document the lethal toxicity of pesticides in bees (n = 377 pesticides) and the types of sublethal testing methods and related effects that cause a sublethal effect (n = 375 sublethal experiments). We identified the most common combinations of pesticides and mode of actions tested, and summarize the experimental methods, magnitude of the interactions, and robustness of available data (n = 361 experiments). We provide open access searchable, comprehensive, and integrated list of pesticides and their levels causing lethal, sublethal, and combined effects. We report major data gaps related to pesticide's sublethal (71 %) and combined (e.g., ~99 %) toxicity. We identified pesticides and mode of actions of greatest concern in terms of sublethal (chlorothalonil, pymetrozine, glyphosate; neonicotinoids) and combined (tau-fluvalinate combinations; acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and neonicotinoids) effects. Although certain pesticides have faced regulatory restrictions in specific countries (chlorothalonil, pymetrozine, neonicotinoids), most are still widely used worldwide (e.g., glyphosate). This work aims at facilitating the implementation of more comprehensive and harmonised research and risk assessments, considering sublethal and combined effects. To ensure safeguarding pollinators and the environment, we advocate for a more refined and holistic assessment that do not only focus on lethality but uses harmonised methods to test sublethal and relevant combinations.
多种压力源威胁着蜜蜂的健康，其中一个主要因素是杀虫剂。蜜蜂同时接触多种杀虫剂，这些杀虫剂既会产生致死效应，也会产生亚致死效应。然而，风险评估和大多数关于蜜蜂健康的研究都集中在单个杀虫剂的致死效应上。在这里，我们进行了一项系统的文献综述和荟萃分析，总结和重新解释了关于一系列杀虫剂对蜜蜂的致死、亚致死和联合毒性的现有定性和定量信息。我们提供了多个蜜蜂物种（熊蜂、切叶蜂、木匠蜂、无刺蜂、黄猄蚁、刻绒茧蜂）的结果（1970-2019 年），尽管大多数研究都集中在西方蜜蜂（78%）上。我们协调一致的结果记录了杀虫剂对蜜蜂的致死毒性（n=377 种杀虫剂），以及造成亚致死效应的亚致死测试方法的类型和相关效应（n=375 项亚致死实验）。我们确定了最常见的杀虫剂组合和测试的作用模式，并总结了实验方法、相互作用的程度以及现有数据的稳健性（n=361 项实验）。我们提供了开放获取的可搜索、全面和综合的杀虫剂及其导致致死、亚致死和联合效应的水平清单。我们报告了与杀虫剂的亚致死（71%）和联合（例如，~99%）毒性相关的主要数据差距。我们确定了在亚致死（百菌清、吡虫啉、草甘膦；新烟碱类）和联合（噻虫嗪组合；乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂和新烟碱类）效应方面最令人关注的杀虫剂和作用模式。尽管某些杀虫剂在某些国家（百菌清、吡虫啉、新烟碱类）面临监管限制，但大多数仍在全球范围内广泛使用（例如草甘膦）。这项工作旨在促进实施更全面和协调一致的研究和风险评估，同时考虑到亚致死和联合效应。为了确保保护传粉媒介和环境，我们主张进行更精细和全面的评估，不仅要关注致死性，还要使用协调一致的方法来测试亚致死性和相关组合。
