Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
Front Immunol. 2022 Jun 15;13:918611. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918611. eCollection 2022.
The primary goal of vaccines that protect against respiratory viruses appears to be the induction of neutralizing antibodies for a long period. Although this goal need not be changed, recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have drawn strong attention to another arm of acquired immunity, CD8 T cells, which are also called killer T cells. Recent evidence accumulated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed that even variants of SARS-CoV-2 that escaped from neutralizing-antibodies that were induced by either infection or vaccination could not escape from CD8 T cell-mediated immunity. In addition, although traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated virus and subunit vaccines, are less efficient in inducing CD8 T cells, newly introduced platforms for SARS-CoV-2, namely, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, can induce strong CD8 T cell-mediated immunity in addition to inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, CD8 T cells function locally and need to be at the site of infection to control it. To fully utilize the protective performance of CD8 T cells, it would be insufficient to induce only memory cells circulating in blood, using injectable vaccines; mucosal immunization could be required to set up CD8 T cells for the optimal protection. CD8 T cells might also contribute to the pathology of the infection, change their function with age and respond differently to booster vaccines in comparison with antibodies. Herein, we overview cutting-edge ideas on CD8 T cell-mediated immunity that can enable the rational design of vaccines for respiratory viruses.
预防呼吸道病毒的疫苗的主要目标似乎是诱导长期的中和抗体。尽管这一目标不必改变，但最近的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）变种引起了人们对获得性免疫的另一个分支的强烈关注，即 CD8 T 细胞，也称为杀伤 T 细胞。在 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行期间积累的最新证据表明，即使是逃避由感染或接种疫苗诱导的中和抗体的 SARS-CoV-2 变种也无法逃避 CD8 T 细胞介导的免疫。此外，尽管传统的疫苗平台，如灭活病毒和亚单位疫苗，在诱导 CD8 T 细胞方面效率较低，但新引入的 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗平台，即 mRNA 和腺病毒载体疫苗，除了诱导中和抗体外，还能诱导强烈的 CD8 T 细胞介导的免疫。然而，CD8 T 细胞在局部发挥作用，需要在感染部位才能控制感染。为了充分利用 CD8 T 细胞的保护性能，仅通过注射疫苗诱导循环在血液中的记忆细胞将是不够的；可能需要黏膜免疫来建立 CD8 T 细胞以获得最佳保护。与抗体相比，CD8 T 细胞也可能导致感染的病理变化，其功能随年龄而变化，并对加强疫苗产生不同的反应。在此，我们概述了 CD8 T 细胞介导的免疫的最新观点，这些观点可以为呼吸道病毒疫苗的合理设计提供依据。
