Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2022 Nov 12;24(12):2018-2025. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac155.
International evidence from high-income countries demonstrates that the availability of tobacco tends to be greater in more urban and more deprived neighborhoods. However, little is known about the socio-spatial disparities in other settings, including megacities in China. This study investigated the patterning of tobacco retailers across Shanghai by types of tobacco retailers, including the relationship with levels of urbanity and neighborhood deprivation.
Tobacco retailer data (n = 19 413) was extracted from a web-scraped Points-of-Interest database. For all communities (n = 5432) across Shanghai, neighborhood tobacco retail availability was calculated using population-weighted kernel density estimation and grouped by quintiles of neighborhood deprivation and a 3-level urban classification. Associations were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis tests and epsilon squared.
Across Shanghai, tobacco retail availability decreased from more urbanized areas to less urbanized areas. There was a statistical difference (p < .001) in the availability of tobacco retail across quintiles of deprivation, with the highest availability in the less deprived neighborhoods, and the lowest availability in the most deprived neighborhoods. However, this trend was reversed in the urban center, where retail availability was greatest in the most deprived areas. Convenience stores were the most common type of tobacco retailer across the city, while tobacco-only outlets were most strongly associated with levels of neighborhood deprivation.
The results show an association between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation, which varied with levels of urbanity and types of tobacco retailers. These findings provide supportive evidence for further interventions that target reducing inequalities in exposure to tobacco retail.
This is the first study to examine the relationship between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation in the context of Chinese megacities. Using data from Shanghai, China, we found a significant non-linear association between tobacco retail availability and neighborhood deprivation across the city. It is plausible that the socio-spatial disparities in tobacco retail availability at the neighborhood level may be a key factor explaining differences in smoking behaviors between sociodemographic groups. The findings emphasize the need for greater efforts in regulating neighborhood-level tobacco retailing in China.
来自高收入国家的国际证据表明，在城市和贫困程度较高的社区，烟草供应往往更为充足。然而，关于其他环境（包括中国的特大城市）中社会空间差异的信息知之甚少。本研究通过包括城市性水平和邻里贫困程度等因素，调查了上海烟草零售商的分布模式和烟草零售商的类型。
从网络抓取的兴趣点数据库中提取了烟草零售商数据（n = 19413）。对于上海的所有社区（n = 5432），使用人口加权核密度估计计算了邻里烟草零售的可获得性，并按邻里贫困程度五分位数和三级城市分类进行分组。使用 Kruskal-Wallis 检验和 ε 平方进行关联分析。
在整个上海，烟草零售的可获得性从城市化程度较高的地区下降到城市化程度较低的地区。在贫困程度五分位数中，烟草零售的可获得性存在统计学差异（p <.001），最不贫困的邻里烟草零售可获得性最高，最贫困的邻里烟草零售可获得性最低。然而，这一趋势在城市中心发生了逆转，那里最贫困的地区零售的可获得性最高。便利店是全市最常见的烟草零售商类型，而仅销售烟草的商店与邻里贫困程度的关系最为密切。
结果表明，烟草零售的可获得性与邻里贫困程度之间存在关联，这种关联因城市性水平和烟草零售商类型而异。这些发现为进一步干预措施提供了支持，这些干预措施旨在减少烟草零售方面的不平等。
这是首次在中国特大城市背景下研究烟草零售可获得性与邻里贫困程度之间的关系。使用来自中国上海的数据，我们发现全市烟草零售可获得性与邻里贫困程度之间存在显著的非线性关系。邻里一级烟草零售的社会空间差异可能是解释不同社会人口群体吸烟行为差异的关键因素之一。这些发现强调了在中国加强对邻里层面烟草零售监管的必要性。
