Viaux-Savelon Sylvie, Guedeney Antoine, Deprez Alexandra
Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229 CNRS, University Hospital Croix Rousse, HCL, Lyon, France.
Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
Front Psychol. 2022 Jun 20;13:809309. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809309. eCollection 2022.
As a result of evolution, human babies are born with outstanding abilities for human communication and cooperation. The other side of the coin is their great sensitivity to any clear and durable violation in their relationship with caregivers. Infant sustained social withdrawal behavior (ISSWB) was first described in infants who had been separated from their caregivers, as in Spitz's description of "hospitalism" and "anaclitic depression." Later, ISSWB was pointed to as a major clinical psychological feature in failure-to-thrive infants. Fraiberg also described freezing behavior as one of the earliest modes of infant defense in the face of adverse situations threatening the infant's ability to synchronize with caregivers. We hypothesize that ISSWB behaviors are associated with poor vagal brake functioning and that an impaired social engagement system is induced by an impoverished and/or dangerous environment. Recent research using animal models highlight the neurobiology and the genetics of the social Approach/Withdrawal Behavior in infants. The present paper is therefore a plea for social withdrawal behavior to be attributed a more important role as a major psychological defensive mechanism in infancy, and for research into early development and early intervention to make more practical and theoretical use of this concept, thus decreasing the challenge of translation in social neurosciences. This work presents several situations involving developmental hazards in which assessment of ISSWB by means of the Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) has proven useful, i.e., malnutrition, effects of major maternal depression and or traumatization, assessing social withdrawal in infants with an chronic organic illness (congenital heart disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, cleft lip and/or palate Prader-Willy syndrome, Fetal alcohol syndrome) or assessing ISSWB in out of home placed infants during parental visitation. Relationships between ISSWB and other biophysiological behavioral systems are discussed, particularly links with attachment processes and Porges's polyvagal theory.
进化的结果是，人类婴儿天生具有卓越的人际沟通与合作能力。然而，另一方面，他们对与照顾者关系中任何明显且持久的破坏极为敏感。婴儿持续性社会退缩行为（ISSWB）最初在与照顾者分离的婴儿中被描述，就像斯皮茨对“住院症”和“依赖型抑郁”的描述那样。后来，ISSWB被指出是发育不良婴儿的主要临床心理特征。弗赖伯格也将冻结行为描述为婴儿面对威胁其与照顾者同步能力的不利情况时最早的防御模式之一。我们假设ISSWB行为与迷走神经制动功能不佳有关，并且社会参与系统受损是由贫困和/或危险的环境所诱发的。最近使用动物模型的研究突出了婴儿社会趋近/退缩行为的神经生物学和遗传学。因此，本文呼吁将社会退缩行为作为婴儿期一种更重要的主要心理防御机制赋予更重要的角色，并呼吁早期发展和早期干预研究更实际、更理论地运用这一概念，从而减少社会神经科学中的转化挑战。这项工作呈现了几种涉及发育风险的情况，在这些情况中，通过警报苦恼婴儿量表（ADBB）对ISSWB进行评估已被证明是有用的，即营养不良、母亲重度抑郁和/或创伤的影响、评估患有慢性器质性疾病（先天性心脏病、普拉德 - 威利综合征、唇腭裂、胎儿酒精综合征）的婴儿的社会退缩情况，或在父母探视期间评估寄养婴儿的ISSWB。本文还讨论了ISSWB与其他生物生理行为系统之间的关系，特别是与依恋过程和波格斯的多重迷走神经理论的联系。
