Pharmacology Department and Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Skaka 11564, Saudi Arabia.
Water Pollution Department, Virology Laboratory, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 23;19(13):7707. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19137707.
Enteric viruses (EVs) occurrence within aquatic environments varies and leads to significant risk on public health of humans, animals, and diversity of aquatic taxa. Early and efficacious recognition of cultivable and fastidious EVs in aquatic systems are important to ensure the sanitary level of aquatic water and implement required treatment strategies. Herein, we provided a comprehensive overview of the conventional and up-to-date eco-genomic tools for aquatic biomonitoring of EVs, aiming to develop better water pollution monitoring tools. In combination with bioinformatics techniques, genetic tools including cloning sequencing analysis, DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and metagenomic sequencing technologies are implemented to make informed decisions about the global burden of waterborne EVs-associated diseases. The data presented in this review are helpful to recommend that: (1) Each viral pollution detection method has its own merits and demerits; therefore, it would be advantageous for viral pollution evaluation to be integrated as a complementary platform. (2) The total viral genome pool extracted from aquatic environmental samples is a real reflection of pollution status of the aquatic eco-systems; therefore, it is recommended to conduct regular sampling through the year to establish an updated monitoring system for EVs, and quantify viral peak concentrations, viral typing, and genotyping. (3) Despite that conventional detection methods are cheaper, it is highly recommended to implement molecular-based technologies to complement aquatic ecosystems biomonitoring due to numerous advantages including high-throughput capability. (4) Continuous implementation of the eco-genetic detection tools for monitoring the EVs in aquatic ecosystems is recommended.
肠病毒（EVs）在水生环境中的出现情况各不相同，对人类、动物和水生生物多样性的公共健康构成重大风险。早期和有效地识别水生系统中可培养和挑剔的 EVs 对于确保水生水的卫生水平并实施所需的处理策略非常重要。本文全面概述了用于水生 EVs 生物监测的常规和最新生态基因组工具，旨在开发更好的水污染监测工具。结合生物信息学技术，遗传工具包括克隆测序分析、DNA 微阵列、下一代测序（NGS）和宏基因组测序技术，可就与水传播 EVs 相关疾病的全球负担做出明智决策。本文提供的数据有助于推荐以下几点：（1）每种病毒污染检测方法都有其优点和缺点；因此，将病毒污染评估整合为互补平台将具有优势。（2）从水生环境样本中提取的总病毒基因组池真实反映了水生生态系统的污染状况；因此，建议全年定期采样，建立 EVs 的更新监测系统，并量化病毒峰值浓度、病毒分型和基因分型。（3）尽管常规检测方法更便宜，但强烈建议实施基于分子的技术来补充水生生态系统监测，因为其具有高通量能力等诸多优势。（4）建议持续实施生态遗传检测工具以监测水生生态系统中的 EVs。
