Department of Software and IT Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jun 27;22(13):4849. doi: 10.3390/s22134849.
With the advent of modern technologies, including the IoT and blockchain, smart-parking (SP) systems are becoming smarter and smarter. Similar to other automated systems, and particularly those that require automation or minimal interaction with humans, the SP system is heuristic in delivering performances, such as throughput in terms of latency, efficiency, privacy, and security, and it is considered a long-term cost-effective solution. This study looks ahead to future trends and developments in SP systems and presents an inclusive, long-term, effective, and well-performing smart autonomous vehicle parking (SAVP) system that explores and employs the emerging fog-computing and blockchain technologies as robust solutions to strengthen the existing collaborative IoT-cloud platform to build and manage SP systems for autonomous vehicles (AVs). In other words, the proposed SAVP system offers a smart-parking solution, both indoors and outdoors, and mainly for AVs looking for vacant parking, wherein the fog nodes act as a middleware layer that provides various parking operations closer to IoT-enabled edge devices. To address the challenges of privacy and security, a lightweight integrated blockchain and cryptography (LIBC) module is deployed, which is functional at each fog node, to authorize and grant access to the AVs in every phase of parking (e.g., from the parking entrance to the parking slot to the parking exit). A proof-of-concept implementation was conducted, wherein the overall computed results, such as the average response time, efficiency, privacy, and security, were examined as highly efficient to enable a proven SAVP system. This study also examined an innovative pace, with careful considerations to combatting the existing SP-system challenges and, therefore, to building and managing future scalable SP systems.
随着现代技术的出现，包括物联网和区块链，智能停车（SP）系统变得越来越智能化。与其他自动化系统类似，特别是那些需要自动化或与人类最小交互的系统，SP 系统在提供性能方面是启发式的，例如在延迟、效率、隐私和安全性方面的吞吐量，并且被认为是一种具有长期成本效益的解决方案。本研究展望了 SP 系统的未来趋势和发展，并提出了一种全面、长期、有效且性能良好的智能自主车辆停车（SAVP）系统，该系统探索并采用新兴的雾计算和区块链技术作为强大的解决方案，以加强现有的协作物联网-云平台，为自主车辆（AV）构建和管理 SP 系统。换句话说，所提出的 SAVP 系统提供了一种智能停车解决方案，无论是室内还是室外，主要用于寻找空闲停车位的 AV，其中雾节点充当中间件层，为靠近物联网启用的边缘设备提供各种停车操作。为了解决隐私和安全方面的挑战，部署了一个轻量级集成区块链和加密（LIBC）模块，该模块在每个雾节点上都具有功能，用于在停车的各个阶段授权和授予 AV 访问权限（例如，从停车入口到停车插槽到停车出口）。进行了概念验证实现，其中检查了总体计算结果，例如平均响应时间、效率、隐私和安全性，结果表明效率非常高，从而实现了经过验证的 SAVP 系统。本研究还考察了一个创新的步伐，仔细考虑了应对现有 SP 系统挑战的方法，因此，构建和管理未来可扩展的 SP 系统。
