Tanwar Neha, Arya Sagar S, Rookes James E, Cahill David M, Lenka Sangram K, Bansal Kailash C
TERI-Deakin Nano-Biotechnology Centre, The Energy Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India.
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Australia.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2023 Dec;43(7):1001-1018. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2092717. Epub 2022 Jul 11.
Addressing nutritional deficiencies in food crops through biofortification is a sustainable approach to tackling malnutrition. Biofortification is continuously being attempted through conventional breeding as well as through various plant biotechnological interventions, ranging from molecular breeding to genetic engineering and genome editing for enriching crops with various health-promoting metabolites. Genetic engineering is used for the rational incorporation of desired nutritional traits in food crops and predominantly operates through nuclear and chloroplast genome engineering. In the recent past, chloroplast engineering has been deployed as a strategic tool to develop model plants with enhanced nutritional traits due to the various advantages it offers over nuclear genome engineering. However, this approach needs to be extended for the nutritional enhancement of major food crops. Further, this platform could be combined with strategies, such as synthetic biology, chloroplast editing, nanoparticle-mediated rapid chloroplast transformation, and horizontal gene transfer through grafting for targeting endogenous metabolic pathways for overproducing native nutraceuticals, production of biopharmaceuticals, and biosynthesis of designer nutritional compounds. This review focuses on exploring various features of chloroplast genome engineering for nutritional enhancement of food crops by enhancing the levels of existing metabolites, restoring the metabolites lost during crop domestication, and introducing novel metabolites and phytonutrients needed for a healthy daily diet.
通过生物强化解决粮食作物的营养缺乏问题是应对营养不良的一种可持续方法。人们一直在通过传统育种以及各种植物生物技术干预措施不断尝试生物强化，这些干预措施从分子育种到基因工程和基因组编辑，目的是让作物富含各种促进健康的代谢物。基因工程用于在粮食作物中合理引入所需的营养特性，主要通过核基因组工程和叶绿体基因组工程来实现。近年来，由于叶绿体工程相对于核基因组工程具有多种优势，它已被用作一种战略工具来培育具有增强营养特性的模式植物。然而，这种方法需要扩展到主要粮食作物的营养强化上。此外，该平台可以与合成生物学、叶绿体编辑、纳米颗粒介导的快速叶绿体转化以及通过嫁接进行水平基因转移等策略相结合，以针对内源性代谢途径来过量生产天然营养保健品、生产生物制药以及设计营养化合物的生物合成。本综述重点探讨叶绿体基因组工程的各种特性，以便通过提高现有代谢物水平、恢复作物驯化过程中丢失的代谢物以及引入健康日常饮食所需的新型代谢物和植物营养素，来实现粮食作物的营养强化。
