Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Eur J Nutr. 2022 Dec;61(8):4121-4133. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02951-7. Epub 2022 Jul 14.
Despite adaptive thermogenesis (AT) being studied as a barrier to weight loss (WL), few studies assessed AT in the resting energy expenditure (REE) compartment after WL maintenance. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to understand if AT occurs after a moderate WL and if AT persists after a period of WL maintenance; and (2) if AT is associated with changes in body composition, hormones and energy intake (EI).
Ninety-four participants [mean (SD); BMI, 31.1(4.3)kg/m; 43.0(9.4)y; 34% female] were randomized to intervention (IG, n = 49) or control groups (CG, n = 45). Subjects underwent a 1-year lifestyle intervention, divided in 4 months of an active WL followed by 8 months of WL maintenance. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and REE by indirect calorimetry. Predicted REE (pREE) was estimated through a model using FM, FFM. EI was measured by the "intake-balance" method.
For the IG, the weight and FM losses were - 4.8 (4.9) and - 11.3 (10.8)%, respectively (p < 0.001). A time-group interaction was found between groups for AT. After WL, the IG showed an AT of -85(29) kcal.d (p < 0.001), and remained significant after 1 year [AT = - 72(31)kcal.d, p = 0.031]. Participants with higher degrees of restriction were those with an increased energy conservation (R = - 0.325, p = 0.036 and R = - 0.308, p = 0.047, respectively). No associations were found between diet adherence and AT. Following a sub-analysis in the IG, the group with a higher energy conservation showed a lower WL and fat loss and a higher initial EI.
AT in REE occurred after a moderate WL and remained significant after WL maintenance. More studies are needed to better clarify the mechanisms underlying the large variability observed in AT and providing an accurate methodological approach to avoid overstatements. Future studies on AT should consider not only changes in FM and FFM but also the FFM composition.
尽管适应性产热（AT）被研究为体重减轻（WL）的障碍，但很少有研究评估 WL 维持后静息能量消耗（REE）部分的 AT。本研究的目的有两个：（1）了解中度 WL 后是否会发生 AT，以及 WL 维持后 AT 是否持续存在；（2）如果 AT 与身体成分、激素和能量摄入（EI）的变化有关。
94 名参与者[平均（标准差）；BMI，31.1（4.3）kg/m；43.0（9.4）岁；34%女性]被随机分为干预组（IG，n=49）或对照组（CG，n=45）。受试者接受了为期 1 年的生活方式干预，分为 4 个月的主动 WL 和 8 个月的 WL 维持。通过双能 X 射线吸收法测量脂肪量（FM）和去脂量（FFM），通过间接热量法测量 REE。通过使用 FM 和 FFM 的模型预测 REE（pREE）。EI 通过“摄入平衡”法测量。
对于 IG，体重和 FM 分别下降了-4.8（4.9）和-11.3（10.8）%（p<0.001）。IG 显示出 AT 存在时间组间交互作用。WL 后，IG 显示出-85（29）kcal.d 的 AT（p<0.001），并且在 1 年后仍然显著[AT=-72（31）kcal.d，p=0.031]。限制程度较高的参与者表现出更高的能量节约（R=-0.325，p=0.036 和 R=-0.308，p=0.047）。饮食依从性与 AT 之间没有发现关联。在 IG 进行亚组分析后，能量节约较高的组显示出较低的 WL 和脂肪损失以及较高的初始 EI。
REE 中的 AT 在中度 WL 后发生，并在 WL 维持后仍然显著。需要更多的研究来更好地阐明在 AT 中观察到的大变异的潜在机制，并提供一种准确的方法学方法来避免过高估计。未来的 AT 研究不仅应考虑 FM 和 FFM 的变化，还应考虑 FFM 组成。
