Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98646, USA.
Psychological Sciences, School of Social Science, Humanities, and the Arts, Merced. Merced, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
J Behav Med. 2022 Oct;45(5):818-824. doi: 10.1007/s10865-022-00344-z. Epub 2022 Jul 17.
Evidence supports the use of graphic warnings to educate the public about the health harms of smoking and suggests warnings eliciting negative emotional responses may be more effective. This study aimed to replicate a preliminary theory-based model whereby perceived new knowledge promotes discouragement from smoking through its impact on worry about smoking with a different sample and using a new set of cigarette graphic warnings. We explored if the pattern extended to encouragement to use e-cigarettes, and if age and user group moderated the indirect effects of these models. Exclusive smokers, dual/e-cigarette users and nonusers (N = 412) evaluated graphic cigarette warnings on perceived new knowledge and worry about health harms of smoking, discouragement to smoke, and encouragement to use e-cigarettes. Perceived new knowledge was both directly and indirectly associated with discouragement to smoke through worry about health harms of smoking, and did not vary as a function of age or user group. In contrast, perceived new knowledge was not directly or indirectly associated with encouragement to use e-cigarettes, and this pattern largely did not vary as a function of age or user group. Graphic cigarette warnings that enhance knowledge may discourage smoking both directly and indirectly through worry elicited by them, and may have less impact on encouraging e-cigarette use. These findings replicate prior work and generalize to different user groups and new warnings planned for implementation in the U.S.
证据支持使用图形警告来教育公众吸烟对健康的危害，并表明引起负面情绪反应的警告可能更有效。本研究旨在复制一个初步的基于理论的模型，即通过对吸烟的担忧来影响新获得的知识，从而促进戒烟的动机，该模型使用了不同的样本和一组新的香烟图形警告。我们探讨了这种模式是否扩展到鼓励使用电子烟，以及年龄和用户群体是否调节了这些模型的间接效应。独家吸烟者、双重/电子烟使用者和非使用者（N=412）评估了香烟图形警告，包括感知到的新知识和对吸烟危害健康的担忧、戒烟动机以及使用电子烟的鼓励程度。感知到的新知识与对健康危害的担忧直接相关，进而通过对健康危害的担忧间接影响到戒烟动机，且不受年龄或用户群体的影响。相比之下，感知到的新知识与鼓励使用电子烟既没有直接关系，也没有间接关系，这种模式在很大程度上不受年龄或用户群体的影响。增强知识的香烟图形警告可能会直接或间接地通过它们引起的担忧来劝阻吸烟，并且对鼓励使用电子烟的影响较小。这些发现复制了之前的工作，并推广到不同的用户群体和计划在美国实施的新警告。
