Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.
Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022 Aug 8;8(8):3142-3161. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00036. Epub 2022 Jul 18.
Because β-2-microglobulin (βM) is a surface protein that is present on most nucleated cells, it plays a key role in the human immune system and the kidney glomeruli to regulate homeostasis. The primary clinical significance of βM is in dialysis-related amyloidosis, a complication of end-stage renal disease caused by a gradual accumulation of βM in the blood. Therefore, the function of βM in kidney-related diseases has been extensively studied to evaluate its glomerular and tubular functions. Because increased βM shedding due to rapid cell turnover may indicate other underlying medical conditions, the possibility to use βM as a versatile biomarker rose in prominence across multiple disciplines for various applications. Therefore, this work has reviewed the recent use of βM to detect various diseases and its progress as a biomarker. While the use of state-of-the-art βM detection requires sophisticated tools, high maintenance, and labor cost, this work also has reported the use of biosensor to quantify βM over the past decade. It is hoped that a portable and highly efficient βM biosensor device will soon be incorporated in point-of-care testing to provide safe, rapid, and reliable test results.
由于β-2-微球蛋白（βM）是一种存在于大多数有核细胞表面的蛋白质，因此它在人体免疫系统和肾小球中起着关键作用，以调节体内平衡。βM 的主要临床意义在于与透析相关的淀粉样变，这是一种终末期肾病的并发症，是由于血液中βM 的逐渐积累而引起的。因此，βM 在肾脏相关疾病中的功能已被广泛研究，以评估其肾小球和肾小管功能。由于快速细胞更新导致βM 脱落增加可能表明存在其他潜在的医疗状况，因此βM 作为一种多功能生物标志物的可能性在多个学科中得到了广泛关注，适用于各种应用。因此，这项工作综述了βM 在检测各种疾病中的最新应用及其作为生物标志物的进展。虽然使用最先进的βM 检测方法需要复杂的工具、高维护和劳动力成本，但这项工作也报告了过去十年中使用生物传感器来定量βM 的情况。人们希望一种便携式、高效的βM 生物传感器设备将很快被纳入即时护理检测中，以提供安全、快速和可靠的检测结果。
