Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Straße 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology and Experimental Methods, University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany.
Psychol Res. 2023 Jun;87(4):1180-1192. doi: 10.1007/s00426-022-01715-6. Epub 2022 Jul 22.
Individuals prefer letter strings whose consonantal articulation spots move from the front of the mouth to the back (e.g., BAKA, inward) over those with a reversed consonant order (e.g., KABA, outward), the so-called in-out effect. The present research explores whether individuals hold an internal standard or scheme of consonant order that triggers this effect. If this were the case, the in-out effect should already occur in one-trial between-subjects designs. If not, the in-out effect should emerge over the course of trials in within-subjects designs. In Experiments 1a-e (1b-e preregistered; total N = 2973; German, English, and Portuguese samples) employing a one-trial between-subjects design, no in-out effect was found. In Experiment 2 (N = 253), employing within-subjects designs with either 1, 5, 10, 30, or 50 trials per consonant order category (inward vs. outward), the in-out effect was absent in the first trial, but already surfaced for the first 2 trials, reached significance within the first 10 trials and a solid plateau within the first 20 trials. Of the four theoretical explanations, the present evidence favors the fluency/frequency and letter-position accounts and is at odds with the eating-related embodiment and easy-first accounts.
个体更喜欢口腔前部到后部的辅音发音点移动的字母串（例如 BAKA，向内），而不是辅音顺序相反的字母串（例如 KABA，向外），这种现象被称为里外效应。本研究探讨了个体是否持有触发这种效应的内部辅音顺序标准或方案。如果是这样，那么在单次被试间设计中就应该已经出现里外效应。如果不是，那么在被试内设计的试验过程中，里外效应应该会出现。在实验 1a-e（实验 1b-e 预先注册；总 N=2973；德语、英语和葡萄牙语样本）中采用单次被试间设计，没有发现里外效应。在实验 2（N=253）中，采用被试内设计，每个辅音顺序类别（向内与向外）有 1、5、10、30 或 50 次试验，里外效应在第一次试验中不存在，但在前两次试验中已经出现，在前 10 次试验中达到显著水平，在前 20 次试验中达到稳定平台。在这四个理论解释中，目前的证据支持流畅度/频率和字母位置解释，与与饮食相关的体现和易位优先解释不一致。
