Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022 Aug 8;8(8):3271-3298. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00454. Epub 2022 Jul 22.
Heart failure or myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the world's leading causes of death. Post MI, the heart can develop pathological conditions such as ischemia, inflammation, fibrosis, and left ventricular dysfunction. However, current surgical approaches are sufficient for enhancing myocardial perfusion but are unable to reverse the pathological changes. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches have shown promising effects in the repair and replacement of injured cardiomyocytes. Additionally, biomaterial scaffolds with or without stem cells are established to provide an effective environment for cardiac regeneration. Excipients loaded with growth factors, cytokines, oligonucleotides, and exosomes are found to help in such cardiac eventualities by promoting angiogenesis, cardiomyocyte proliferation, and reducing fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. Injectable hydrogels, nanocarriers, cardiac patches, and vascular grafts are some excipients that can help the self-renewal in the damaged heart but are not understood well yet, in the context of used biomaterials. This review focuses on the use of various biomaterial-based approaches for the regeneration and repair of cardiac tissue postoccurrence of MI. It also discusses the outlines of cardiac remodeling and current therapeutic approaches after myocardial infarction, which are translationally important with respect to used biomaterials. It provides comprehensive details of the biomaterial-based regenerative approaches, which are currently the focus of the research for cardiac repair and regeneration and can provide a broad outline for further improvements.
心力衰竭或心肌梗死（MI）是世界上主要的死亡原因之一。MI 后，心脏会出现缺血、炎症、纤维化和左心室功能障碍等病理状态。然而，目前的外科方法虽然足以增强心肌灌注，但无法逆转这些病理变化。组织工程和再生医学方法已显示出在修复和替代受损心肌细胞方面的有前景的效果。此外，建立了具有或不具有干细胞的生物材料支架，为心脏再生提供有效的环境。载有生长因子、细胞因子、寡核苷酸和外泌体的赋形剂被发现可以通过促进血管生成、心肌细胞增殖和减少纤维化、炎症和细胞凋亡来帮助改善这种心脏状况。可注射水凝胶、纳米载体、心脏贴片和血管移植物是一些赋形剂，可以帮助受损心脏的自我更新，但在生物材料的应用方面，它们的理解还不够深入。本综述重点介绍了各种基于生物材料的方法在 MI 后心脏组织的再生和修复中的应用。它还讨论了心肌梗死后心脏重构和当前治疗方法的概述，这些方法对于生物材料的应用具有重要的转化意义。它提供了基于生物材料的再生方法的详细综合信息，这些方法目前是心脏修复和再生研究的重点，并为进一步改进提供了广泛的思路。
