Choksi Ankur U, Khan Amir I, Lokeshwar Soum D, Segal Daniel, Weiss Robert M, Martin Darryl T
Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA.
Am J Clin Exp Urol. 2022 Jun 15;10(3):142-153. eCollection 2022.
Nanomedicine is an evolving field of scientific research with unique advantages and challenges for the detection and treatment of medical diseases. Since 1995, the FDA has approved the administration of nanoparticle-based therapies. The initial generation of nanoparticles relied on an enhanced permeability and retention effect, associated with an increased penetrability of tumor related blood vessels. With increasing knowledge of biomarkers and molecular targets, active targeting of circulating tumor cells by nanoparticles provides an exciting area for application. The selective targeting of prostate cancer cells using a nanotechnology-based mechanism has the potential to optimize the delivery of therapeutic payloads directly to prostate cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicities. The molecular targets that have been studied include prostate specific membrane antigen, gastrin-releasing peptide protein, glucose related protein, CD44, claudin, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), and adenosine. The clinical potential for nanoparticle-based therapies is supported by several studies that have progressed past the preclinical stage into clinical trials. In this review, we present the molecular biomarkers that have been targeted by ligands conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles for prostate cancer imaging and therapy.
纳米医学是一个不断发展的科研领域，在医学疾病的检测和治疗方面具有独特的优势和挑战。自1995年以来，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已批准了基于纳米颗粒的疗法的应用。第一代纳米颗粒依赖于增强的渗透和滞留效应，这与肿瘤相关血管的通透性增加有关。随着对生物标志物和分子靶点的了解不断增加，纳米颗粒对循环肿瘤细胞的主动靶向提供了一个令人兴奋的应用领域。利用基于纳米技术的机制对前列腺癌细胞进行选择性靶向，有可能将治疗有效载荷直接优化递送至前列腺癌细胞，同时将全身毒性降至最低。已研究的分子靶点包括前列腺特异性膜抗原、胃泌素释放肽蛋白、葡萄糖相关蛋白、CD44、紧密连接蛋白、C-X-C趋化因子受体4型（CXCR-4）和腺苷。多项研究已从临床前阶段进展到临床试验阶段，这支持了基于纳米颗粒疗法的临床潜力。在本综述中，我们介绍了已被与纳米颗粒表面偶联的配体靶向的分子生物标志物，用于前列腺癌成像和治疗。
