Xu Zhenkun, Zhang Hongzhi, Guo Meijie, Fang Dan, Mei Jun, Xie Jing
College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
Animals (Basel). 2022 Jul 12;12(14):1791. doi: 10.3390/ani12141791.
Nitrite is a common pollutant in aquaculture water, and nitrite toxicity that negatively affects aquatic species is common in aquaculture systems when the water quality is low. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the effect of acute nitrite exposure on the hematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, immune response, and gill morphology of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The fish were randomly separated and exposed to four (i.e., 0, 29.36, 58.73, and 88.09 mg/L) nitrite concentrations for 48 h. The fish blood and gills were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of nitrite exposure for further analysis. In hematological parameters, the results showed that the levels of hemoglobin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol in blood significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all nitrite-treated samples after 12 h, while the contents of methemoglobin in blood significantly increased (p < 0.05) in these treatments. After 48 h of nitrite exposure, the levels of cortisol in serum showed a 94.5%, 132.1%, and 165.6% increase in fish exposed to 29.36, 58.73, and 88.09 mg/L nitrite, respectively. The nitrite (i.e., 29.36, 58.73, and 88.09 mg/L) exposure significantly increased (p < 0.05) the levels of antioxidant enzymes (i.e., catalase and glutathione) in the gill and serum after 12 h of exposure compared with the control. The lysozyme levels in serum decreased in the nitrite (i.e., 29.36, 58.73, and 88.09 mg/L) exposure samples. It was found that immunoglobulin levels in the 29.36, 58.73, and 88.09 mg/L nitrite-treated samples (i.e., 1.86, 1.58, and 0.74 μg/mL, respectively) were lower than that of the control (2.56 μg/mL). In addition, the surface of the gill lamellae displayed deformation and contraction after 48 h of nitrite, especially in the fish exposed to 88.09 mg/L nitrite. These results indicate that the nitrite exposure induced the oxidative stress, affected the immune response, and changed the gill morphology, leading to nitrite poisoning in large yellow croaker.
亚硝酸盐是水产养殖水体中的常见污染物，当水质较差时，亚硝酸盐毒性对水生物种产生负面影响的情况在水产养殖系统中很常见。因此，本研究旨在评估急性亚硝酸盐暴露对大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）血液学参数、抗氧化酶、免疫反应和鳃形态的影响。将鱼随机分组，暴露于四种亚硝酸盐浓度（即0、29.36、58.73和88.09 mg/L）下48小时。在亚硝酸盐暴露的0、12、24、36和48小时收集鱼的血液和鳃用于进一步分析。在血液学参数方面，结果显示，在12小时后，所有亚硝酸盐处理组样本中血液中的血红蛋白、甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平均显著降低（p < 0.05），而这些处理组中血液中的高铁血红蛋白含量显著增加（p < 0.05）。亚硝酸盐暴露48小时后，暴露于29.36、58.73和88.09 mg/L亚硝酸盐的鱼血清中的皮质醇水平分别升高了94.5%、132.1%和165.6%。与对照组相比，暴露12小时后，亚硝酸盐（即29.36、58.73和88.09 mg/L）暴露显著增加（p < 0.05）了鳃和血清中抗氧化酶（即过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽）的水平。亚硝酸盐（即29.36、58.73和88.09 mg/L）暴露样本中血清溶菌酶水平降低。发现29.36、58.73和88.09 mg/L亚硝酸盐处理组样本中的免疫球蛋白水平（分别为1.86、1.58和0.74 μg/mL）低于对照组（2.56 μg/mL）。此外，亚硝酸盐暴露48小时后，鳃小片表面出现变形和收缩，尤其是暴露于88.09 mg/L亚硝酸盐的鱼。这些结果表明，亚硝酸盐暴露诱导了氧化应激，影响了免疫反应，并改变了鳃形态，导致大黄鱼亚硝酸盐中毒。
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