Hapsari Fitriska, Suprayudi Muhammad Agus, Akiyama Dean M, Ekasari Julie, Norouzitallab Parisa, Baruah Kartik
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
Department of Technical Aquaculture, Jakarta Technical University of Fisheries, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia.
Biology (Basel). 2025 Jul 23;14(8):920. doi: 10.3390/biology14080920.
Aquaculture is a crucial food-producing sector that can supply more essential nutrients to nourish the growing human population. However, it faces challenges, including limited water quality and space competition. These constraints have led to the intensification of culture systems for more efficient resource use while maintaining or increasing production levels. However, intensification introduces stress risks to cultured organisms by, for instance, overcrowding, waste accumulation, and water quality deterioration, which can negatively affect the growth, health, and immunity of animals and cause diseases. Additionally, environmental changes due to climate and anthropogenic activities further intensify the environmental stress for aquaculture organisms, including crustaceans. Shrimp are one of the most widely cultured and consumed farmed crustacea. Relative to aquatic vertebrates such as fish, the physiology of crustaceans has simpler physiological structures, as they lack a spinal cord. Consequently, their stress response mechanisms follow a single pathway, resulting in less complex responses to stress exposure compared to those of fish. While stress is considered a primary factor influencing the growth, health, and immunity of shrimp, comprehensive research on crustacean stress responses remains limited. Understanding the stress response at the organismal and cellular levels is essential to identify sensitive and effective stress biomarkers which can inform the development of targeted intervention strategies to mitigate stress. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological changes that occur in crustaceans under stress, including hormonal, metabolic, hematological, hydromineral, and phenotypic alterations. By synthesizing current knowledge, this article aims to bridge existing gaps and provide insights into the stress response mechanisms, paving the way for advancements in crustacean health management.
水产养殖是一个至关重要的食品生产部门，能够提供更多必需营养物质以滋养不断增长的人口。然而，它面临着诸多挑战，包括水质有限和空间竞争。这些限制因素促使养殖系统集约化，以便在维持或提高产量水平的同时更高效地利用资源。然而，集约化养殖给养殖生物带来了应激风险，例如过度拥挤、废物积累和水质恶化，这些都会对动物的生长、健康和免疫力产生负面影响并引发疾病。此外，气候和人为活动导致的环境变化进一步加剧了水产养殖生物（包括甲壳类动物）所面临的环境压力。虾是养殖和消费最为广泛的养殖甲壳类动物之一。相对于鱼类等水生脊椎动物，甲壳类动物的生理结构更为简单，因为它们没有脊髓。因此，它们的应激反应机制遵循单一途径，与鱼类相比，对应激暴露的反应较为简单。虽然应激被认为是影响虾生长、健康和免疫力的主要因素，但关于甲壳类动物应激反应的全面研究仍然有限。了解生物体和细胞水平的应激反应对于识别敏感且有效的应激生物标志物至关重要，这些生物标志物可为制定减轻应激的靶向干预策略提供依据。本综述全面概述了甲壳类动物在应激状态下发生的生理变化，包括激素、代谢、血液学、水盐和表型改变。通过综合现有知识，本文旨在弥合现有差距并深入了解应激反应机制，为甲壳类动物健康管理的进步铺平道路。
