Ghezzi Laura, Cantoni Claudia, Rotondo Emanuela, Galimberti Daniela
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy.
Biomedicines. 2022 Jun 23;10(7):1486. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10071486.
The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex interactive network linking the gut to the brain. It involves the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal and the central nervous system, mediated by endocrinological, immunological, and neural signals. Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis, making it a potential therapeutic target. The gut microbiome is a pivotal component of the GBA, and alterations in its composition have been linked to GBA dysfunction and CNS inflammation and degeneration. The gut microbiome might influence the homeostasis of the central nervous system homeostasis through the modulation of the immune system and, more directly, the production of molecules and metabolites. Small clinical and preclinical trials, in which microbial composition was manipulated using dietary changes, fecal microbiome transplantation, and probiotic supplements, have provided promising outcomes. However, results are not always consistent, and large-scale randomized control trials are lacking. Here, we give an overview of how the gut microbiome influences the GBA and could contribute to disease pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases.
肠-脑轴（GBA）是一个将肠道与大脑连接起来的复杂交互网络。它涉及胃肠道与中枢神经系统之间的双向通信，由内分泌、免疫和神经信号介导。在许多神经退行性疾病中都报道了GBA的紊乱，这表明其在疾病发病机制中可能发挥作用，使其成为一个潜在的治疗靶点。肠道微生物群是GBA的关键组成部分，其组成的改变与GBA功能障碍以及中枢神经系统炎症和退化有关。肠道微生物群可能通过调节免疫系统，更直接地通过分子和代谢产物的产生来影响中枢神经系统的稳态。小型临床和临床前试验通过饮食改变、粪便微生物群移植和益生菌补充剂来操纵微生物组成，已取得了有希望的结果。然而，结果并不总是一致的，并且缺乏大规模随机对照试验。在这里，我们概述了肠道微生物群如何影响GBA以及可能在神经退行性疾病的发病机制中发挥作用。
