Sugumar Vaisnevee, Ang Kuan Ping, Alshanon Ahmed F, Sethi Gautam, Yong Phelim Voon Chen, Looi Chung Yeng, Wong Won Fen
School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia.
Pharmaceutics. 2022 Jul 4;14(7):1406. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071406.
The year 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the momentous discovery of insulin. Through years of research and discovery, insulin has evolved from poorly defined crude extracts of animal pancreas to recombinant human insulin and analogues that can be prescribed and administered with high accuracy and efficacy. However, there are still many challenges ahead in clinical settings, particularly with respect to maintaining optimal glycemic control whilst minimizing the treatment-related side effects of hypoglycemia and weight gain. In this review, the chronology of the development of rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin analogues, as well as mixtures and concentrated formulations that offer the potential to meet this challenge, are summarized. In addition, we also summarize the latest advancements in insulin delivery methods, along with advancement to clinical trials. This review provides insights on the development of insulin treatment for diabetes mellitus that may be useful for clinicians in meeting the needs of their individual patients. However, it is important to note that as of now, none of the new technologies mentioned have superseded the existing method of subcutaneous administration of insulin.
2021年是胰岛素重大发现的100周年。经过多年的研究和探索，胰岛素已从定义模糊的动物胰腺粗提物发展为重组人胰岛素及其类似物，这些药物能够以高精度和高效能进行处方和给药。然而，临床应用中仍面临诸多挑战，尤其是在维持最佳血糖控制的同时，尽量减少低血糖和体重增加等治疗相关副作用方面。在本综述中，总结了速效、短效、中效和长效胰岛素类似物以及有望应对这一挑战的混合制剂和浓缩制剂的发展历程。此外，我们还总结了胰岛素给药方法的最新进展以及临床试验的进展情况。本综述为糖尿病胰岛素治疗的发展提供了见解，可能有助于临床医生满足个体患者的需求。然而，需要注意的是，截至目前，文中提及的新技术均未取代现有的胰岛素皮下注射方法。
