School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Jul 26;12(8):568. doi: 10.3390/bios12080568.
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, characterized by a high incidence and mortality rate. Despite the advances achieved in cancer management, improvements in the quality of life of breast cancer survivors are urgent. Moreover, considering the heterogeneity that characterizes tumors and patients, focusing on individuality is fundamental. In this context, 3D printing (3DP) and 4D printing (4DP) techniques allow for a patient-centered approach. At present, 3DP applications against breast cancer are focused on three main aspects: treatment, tissue regeneration, and recovery of the physical appearance. Scaffolds, drug-loaded implants, and prosthetics have been successfully manufactured; however, some challenges must be overcome to shift to clinical practice. The introduction of the fourth dimension has led to an increase in the degree of complexity and customization possibilities. However, 4DP is still in the early stages; thus, research is needed to prove its feasibility in healthcare applications. This review article provides an overview of current approaches for breast cancer management, including standard treatments and breast reconstruction strategies. The benefits and limitations of 3DP and 4DP technologies are discussed, as well as their application in the fight against breast cancer. Future perspectives and challenges are outlined to encourage and promote AM technologies in real-world practice.
乳腺癌是全球第二大常见癌症，其发病率和死亡率都很高。尽管在癌症治疗方面取得了进展，但乳腺癌幸存者生活质量的改善迫在眉睫。此外，考虑到肿瘤和患者的异质性，关注个体至关重要。在这种情况下，三维打印（3DP）和四维打印（4DP）技术可以实现以患者为中心的方法。目前，针对乳腺癌的 3DP 应用主要集中在三个方面：治疗、组织再生和恢复身体外观。支架、载药植入物和假体已经成功制造，但为了向临床实践转变，还必须克服一些挑战。第四维度的引入增加了复杂性和定制化的可能性。然而，4DP 仍处于早期阶段；因此，需要研究来证明其在医疗保健应用中的可行性。本文综述了乳腺癌管理的当前方法，包括标准治疗和乳房重建策略。讨论了 3DP 和 4DP 技术的优缺点，以及它们在抗击乳腺癌中的应用。概述了未来的展望和挑战，以鼓励和促进 AM 技术在实际中的应用。
