Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
Division of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jul 23;19(15):8955. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19158955.
We evaluated the determinants of cognitive performance in children and adolescents. This is a longitudinal study, secondary analysis of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. We assessed 502 children (51.6% girls) at middle childhood (range: 6.6 to 9.0 years), at late childhood, 437 children (51.0% girls, range: 8.8 to 11.2 years), and in 277 adolescents (54.5% girls, range: 15.0 to 17.4 years). Raven's progressive matrices tests estimated the participants' cognitive performance (outcome variable) at all time points. In total, we evaluated 29 factors from various dimensions (prenatal, neonatal, child fitness, lifestyle and anthropometrics). None of the neonatal and anthropometric parameters were associated with cognitive performance. Preeclampsia (prenatal) and listening to music, writing, arts and craft and watching TV (lifestyle) were negatively associated with cognitive performance. Shuttle run and box and block tests (fitness), and playing music, reading and time at the computer (lifestyle) were positive determinants of cognitive performance in children and adolescents. Fitness and lifestyle factors during childhood and adolescence diminished the importance of prenatal factors on cognitive performance and lifestyle factors were especially relevant in regard to cognitive performance. Reading was positively associated with cognitive performance, regardless of age and time dedicated, and should be promoted.
我们评估了儿童和青少年认知表现的决定因素。这是一项纵向研究，是对儿童体育活动和营养（PANIC）研究的二次分析。我们在儿童中期（范围：6.6 至 9.0 岁）评估了 502 名儿童（51.6%为女孩），在儿童晚期评估了 437 名儿童（51.0%为女孩，范围：8.8 至 11.2 岁），并在 277 名青少年（54.5%为女孩，范围：15.0 至 17.4 岁）中进行了评估。瑞文渐进矩阵测试评估了参与者在所有时间点的认知表现（因变量）。我们总共从不同维度评估了 29 个因素（产前、新生儿、儿童健康、生活方式和人体测量学）。新生儿和人体测量学参数均与认知表现无关。先兆子痫（产前）、听音乐、写作、艺术和手工艺以及看电视（生活方式）与认知表现呈负相关。穿梭跑和方块-积木测试（体能）以及演奏音乐、阅读和使用电脑时间（生活方式）是儿童和青少年认知表现的积极决定因素。儿童和青少年时期的体能和生活方式因素降低了产前因素对认知表现的重要性，而生活方式因素在认知表现方面尤为重要。阅读与认知表现呈正相关，无论年龄和时间如何，都应该加以推广。
