Nutrition and Health Sciences Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jul 26;23(15):8225. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158225.
Sweet taste, a proxy for sugar-derived calories, is an important driver of food intake, and animals have evolved robust molecular and cellular machinery for sweet taste signaling. The overconsumption of sugar-derived calories is a major driver of obesity and other metabolic diseases. A fine-grained appreciation of the dynamic regulation of sweet taste signaling mechanisms will be required for designing novel noncaloric sweeteners with better hedonic and metabolic profiles and improved consumer acceptance. Sweet taste receptor cells express at least two signaling pathways, one mediated by a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor encoded by taste 1 receptor members 2 and 3 () genes and another by glucose transporters and the ATP-gated potassium (K) channel. Despite these important discoveries, we do not fully understand the mechanisms regulating sweet taste signaling. We will introduce the core components of the above sweet taste signaling pathways and the rationale for having multiple pathways for detecting sweet tastants. We will then highlight the roles of key regulators of the sweet taste signaling pathways, including downstream signal transduction pathway components expressed in sweet taste receptor cells and hormones and other signaling molecules such as leptin and endocannabinoids.
甜味是糖衍生卡路里的代表，是食物摄入的重要驱动因素，动物已经进化出了用于甜味信号传导的强大的分子和细胞机制。糖衍生卡路里的过度摄入是肥胖和其他代谢性疾病的主要驱动因素。为了设计出具有更好的愉悦感和代谢特征以及提高消费者接受度的非热量甜味剂，需要对甜味信号传导机制的动态调节进行精细的了解。甜味受体细胞表达至少两种信号通路，一种由味觉 1 受体成员 2 和 3 () 基因编码的异源二聚体 G 蛋白偶联受体介导，另一种由葡萄糖转运体和 ATP 门控钾 (K) 通道介导。尽管有这些重要的发现，但我们并不完全了解调节甜味信号传导的机制。我们将介绍上述甜味信号通路的核心组成部分以及存在多种检测甜味剂的途径的基本原理。然后，我们将重点介绍甜味信号通路的关键调节剂的作用，包括在甜味受体细胞中表达的下游信号转导通路成分以及激素和其他信号分子，如瘦素和内源性大麻素。
