Sarasso Pietro, Francesetti Gianni, Roubal Jan, Gecele Michela, Ronga Irene, Neppi-Modona Marco, Sacco Katiuscia
BraIn Plasticity and Behaviour Changes Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
International Institute for Gestalt Therapy and Psychopathology, Turin Center for Gestalt Therapy, Turin, Italy.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2022 Jul 13;16:906188. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.906188. eCollection 2022.
Drawing from field theory, Gestalt therapy conceives psychological suffering and psychotherapy as two intentional field phenomena, where unprocessed and chaotic experiences seek the opportunity to emerge and be assimilated through the contact between the patient and the therapist (i.e., the intentionality of contacting). This therapeutic approach is based on the therapist's aesthetic experience of his/her embodied presence in the flow of the healing process because (1) the perception of beauty can provide the therapist with feedback on the assimilation of unprocessed experiences; (2) the therapist's attentional focus on intrinsic aesthetic diagnostic criteria can facilitate the modification of rigid psychopathological fields by supporting the openness to novel experiences. The aim of the present manuscript is to review recent evidence from psychophysiology, neuroaesthetic research, and neurocomputational models of cognition, such as the free energy principle (FEP), which support the notion of the therapeutic potential of aesthetic sensibility in Gestalt psychotherapy. Drawing from neuroimaging data, psychophysiology and recent neurocognitive accounts of aesthetic perception, we propose a novel interpretation of the sense of beauty as a self-generated reward motivating us to assimilate an ever-greater spectrum of sensory and affective states in our predictive representation of ourselves and the world and supporting the intentionality of contact. Expecting beauty, in the psychotherapeutic encounter, can help therapists tolerate uncertainty avoiding impulsive behaviours and to stay tuned to the process of change.
格式塔疗法借鉴场论，将心理痛苦和心理治疗视为两种意向性场现象，其中未经处理的混乱体验寻求机会通过患者与治疗师之间的接触（即接触的意向性）得以浮现并被同化。这种治疗方法基于治疗师在治疗过程中对自身具身存在的审美体验，因为（1）对美的感知可以为治疗师提供有关未处理体验同化情况的反馈；（2）治疗师对内在审美诊断标准的注意力聚焦可以通过支持对新体验的开放性来促进僵化心理病理场的改变。本手稿的目的是回顾来自心理生理学、神经美学研究以及认知神经计算模型（如自由能原理，FEP）的最新证据，这些证据支持审美敏感性在格式塔心理治疗中的治疗潜力这一观点。借鉴神经成像数据、心理生理学以及近期关于审美感知的神经认知解释，我们提出一种对美感的新颖诠释，即美感是一种自我产生的奖励，激励我们在对自己和世界的预测表征中同化更广泛的感觉和情感状态，并支持接触的意向性。在心理治疗过程中期待美，可以帮助治疗师容忍不确定性，避免冲动行为，并持续关注变化过程。
