Urban Planning Program, Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, Columbia University, Schermerhorn Extension #659, 1200 Amsterdam Ave, NY, 10027, New York, USA.
Sociomedical Sciences Department, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
J Urban Health. 2022 Dec;99(6):959-983. doi: 10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z. Epub 2022 Aug 1.
Following the Great Depression and related home foreclosures, the federal government established new agencies to facilitate access to affordable home mortgages, including the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) and Federal Housing Administration (FHA). HOLC and FHA directed widespread neighborhood appraisals to determine investment risk, referred to as "redlining," which took into account residents' race. Redlining thereby contributed to segregation, disinvestment, and racial inequities in opportunities for homeownership and wealth accumulation. Recent research examines associations between historical redlining and subsequent environmental determinants of health and health-related outcomes. In this scoping review, we assess the extent of the current body of evidence, the range of outcomes studied, and key study characteristics, examining the direction and strength of the relationship between redlining, neighborhood environments, and health as well as different methodological approaches. Overall, studies nearly universally report evidence of an association between redlining and health-relevant outcomes, although heterogeneity in study design precludes direct comparison of results. We critically consider evidence regarding HOLC's causality and offer a conceptual framework for the relationship between redlining and present-day health. Finally, we point to key directions for future research to improve and broaden understanding of redlining's enduring impact and translate findings into public health and planning practice.
大萧条和相关的房屋止赎之后，联邦政府成立了新的机构来促进获得负担得起的住房抵押贷款，包括房主贷款公司（HOLC）和联邦住房管理局（FHA）。HOLC 和 FHA 指导了广泛的社区评估，以确定投资风险，称为“红线”，其中考虑了居民的种族。红线因此导致了隔离、投资不足和在住房拥有和财富积累方面的机会方面的种族不平等。最近的研究调查了历史红线与随后的健康和与健康相关的结果的环境决定因素之间的关联。在这项范围审查中，我们评估了现有证据的程度、研究的结果范围以及关键研究特征，检查了红线、社区环境与健康之间关系的方向和强度以及不同的方法方法。总体而言，尽管研究设计的异质性使得无法直接比较结果，但研究几乎普遍报告了红线与与健康相关的结果之间存在关联的证据。我们批判性地考虑了有关 HOLC 的因果关系的证据，并为红线与当今健康之间的关系提供了一个概念框架。最后，我们指出了未来研究的关键方向，以改善和扩大对红线的持久影响的理解，并将研究结果转化为公共卫生和规划实践。
