Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2022 Aug 5;17(8):e0272297. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272297. eCollection 2022.
The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in humans is associated with high altitude, few sunshine hours, cold climate, and winter. The goals of this study were to investigate seasonal and geographic patterns of DM diagnosis in United States of America (USA) dogs with juvenile and mature onset DM. Data were collected by means of an online survey widely distributed in the USA through breed clubs, academic veterinary institutions, private veterinary referral practices, social media outlets, and the American Kennel Club. Juvenile DM (JDM) and mature onset DM were defined as DM with an age of onset <365 days and DM with an age of onset ≥365 days, respectively. Meteorological seasons were defined as: winter from December through February, spring from March through May, summer from June through August, and fall from September through November. Four geographic regions were also defined as the West, North, South, and Central regions of the USA. Nonoverlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI) for season, geographic region, and breed specific proportions of dogs with JDM were considered statistically significantly different. The study included 933 dogs with mature onset DM and 27 dogs with JDM. Dogs were diagnosed with DM significantly more in the winter and northern USA compared to all other seasons and all other geographic regions, respectively. The prevalence of JDM among dogs with DM was 2.8%. The proportion of dogs with JDM among pure breeds was not significantly different than the proportion of JDM in mixed breed dogs. It is concluded that winter and cold climate could be shared environmental factors influencing DM expression in dogs and humans. Additionally, pure breed dogs do not appear to be at increased risk for JDM compared to mixed breed dogs, indicating that factors other than genetics could influence spontaneous JDM development in dogs.
人类 1 型糖尿病 (DM) 的诊断与高海拔、日照时间少、寒冷气候和冬季有关。本研究的目的是调查美国 (USA) 幼年和成年发病的 DM 犬的季节性和地域性诊断模式。数据通过一项在线调查收集，该调查通过犬种俱乐部、学术兽医机构、私人兽医转诊诊所、社交媒体渠道和美国养犬俱乐部在美国广泛分布。幼年发病型 DM (JDM) 和成年发病型 DM 分别定义为发病年龄<365 天的 DM 和发病年龄≥365 天的 DM。气象季节定义为：12 月至 2 月为冬季，3 月至 5 月为春季，6 月至 8 月为夏季，9 月至 11 月为秋季。还定义了美国的四个地理区域，即西部、北部、南部和中部。95%置信区间 (CI) 不重叠的季节、地理区域和特定品种犬 JDM 比例被认为具有统计学显著性差异。该研究包括 933 只成年发病型 DM 犬和 27 只幼年发病型 DM 犬。与所有其他季节和所有其他地理区域相比，冬季和美国北部的 DM 犬诊断率明显更高。DM 犬中 JDM 的患病率为 2.8%。纯犬种 JDM 的比例与混种犬 JDM 的比例无显著差异。研究结果表明，冬季和寒冷气候可能是影响人和犬 DM 表达的共同环境因素。此外，与混种犬相比，纯犬种发生 JDM 的风险似乎并未增加，这表明除遗传因素外，其他因素也可能影响犬自发性 JDM 的发展。
